Figure 1.
The finite element skull model: (A) FE model meshed with small tetrahedral elements particularly in the glabellar region.
(B) Right view of the 3D-FE model.
Figure 2.
Refined mesh of the skull model.
(A) Frontal view of the refined mesh in the ballistic impact area (glabellar region). (B) Internal view of the anterior cranial fossa with refined mesh in frontal bone and ethmoid bone (yellow arrow points to ethmoidal crest and red arrow points to cribiform plate).
Table 1.
Number and average size of elements used in the finite element models (skull, ballistic impact area and bullets).
Table 2.
Properties of the materials used in the finite element models.
Table 3.
Muzzle velocity, mass, energy and shape of each bullet in the computational simulation.
Figure 3.
Right view of the firing distance at 10 cm: (A) .380-caliber bullet; (B) .40-caliber S&W bullet; (C) 9×19-mm Luger bullet.
The dot indicates the starting point of each bullet, in each dynamic simulation.
Table 4.
External shape (morphology) seen after each shooting simulation.
Figure 4.
Simulated gunshot with: (A) .40-caliber S&W bullet; (B) 9×19-mm Luger bullet; (C) .380-caliber bullet.
Figure 5.
Morphologies of the entrance holes caused by the three computational gunshots.
(A) Irregular round entrance hole (FMJ FP.40 S&W); (B) Irregular triangular entrance hole (FMJ RN 9×19-mm Luger); (C) Irregular triangular entrance hole (FMJ RN.380). Note that the wound seen in B exhibits an intermediate shape between those seen in A and C.
Figure 6.
von Mises stress values in the glabellar region for each shot.
(A) FMJ FP.40 S (B) FMJ RN 9×19-mm Luger; (C) FMJ RN.380.
Table 5.
Values of von Mises stress (MPa) for each shooting simulation.
Figure 7.
von Mises stress distribution and wounds in both orbital roofs of the skull model after each shooting simulation (A) FMJ FP.40 S (B) FMJ RN 9×19-mm Luger; (C) FMJ RN.380.