Table 1.
Scores on neuropsychological tests for patients JPL, EP, LL, and EG.
Table 2.
Behavioral ratings for patients JPL, EP, LL, EG and healthy elders (HE) and t values comparing each patient to the control group for each period.
Figure 1.
Structural brain scans of the four SD patients.
Left panels show coronal sections through the brains of JPL, EP, LL and EG. Right panels show results of the VBM analysis superimposed on MRI scans for each patient at a corrected FWE threshold of p<0.05. The pronounced atrophy in superior medial frontal regions is apparent for JPL and EP and atrophy in left anterior hippocampus apparent for JPL and LL. Color scale shows voxel z-scores. See Tables S2 to S5 in File S1 for detailed VBM results. Abbreviations: amg = amygdala; ant = anterior; F = frontal; hcp = hippocampus; inf = inferior; L = left; med = medial; mid = middle; parah = parahippocampal; R = right; sup = superior; T = temporal.
Figure 2.
Results of the comparisons between the future period and the control task for EP, LL and EG depicting hyperactivations (Patient>HE) and lower activations (HE>Patient) compared to healthy elders (HE) at a corrected FWE threshold of p<0.05, k>10 voxels.
Color scale shows voxel z-scores. See Table 4 for full details. Abbreviations: F = frontal; hcp = hippocampus; sup = superior; inf = inferior; L = left; med = medial; mid = middle; O = occipital; P = parietal; post = posterior; R = right; sulc = sulcus; T = temporal.
Table 3.
Results for the comparisons past>control task for JPL, EP, LL, EG compared to healthy elders (HE) with age and years of education (for EP) as covariates at a corrected FWE statistical threshold of p<0.05, k>10.
Table 4.
Results for the comparisons future>control task for JPL, EP, LL, EG compared to healthy elders (HE) with age and years of education (for EP) as covariates at a corrected FWE statistical threshold of p<0.05, k>10.
Table 5.
Results for contrast past>future for JPL, EP, LL, EG compared to healthy elders (HE) with age and years of education (for EP) as covariates at a corrected FWE statistical threshold of p<0.05, k>10.
Figure 3.
Results of the comparisons between the future and past periods for JPL, EP, LL and EG compared to healthy elders (HE) at a corrected FWE threshold of p<0.05, k>10 voxels.
See Table 6 for full details. Abbreviations: ant = anterior; hcp = hippocampus; inf = inferior; L = left; mid = middle; O = occipital; P = parietal; post = posterior; R = right; sulc = sulcus; T = temporal.
Table 6.
Results for contrast future>past for JPL, EP, LL, EG compared to healthy elders (HE) with age and years of education (for EP) as covariates at a corrected FWE statistical threshold of p<0.05, k>10.
Figure 4.
Summary representations of patients' ability to engage in episodic future thinking (left: disturbed; right: spared) depicting (A) localization of preserved (+) or atrophied (−) brain regions and associated hypothesized function (superior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC): coherent context processing; hippocampus: binding; amygdala: emotional processing; lateral temporal cortex: semantic processing) and (B) brain activations for each patient compared to healthy elders for the contrast Future>Past thinking (see results on Table 6).