Table 1.
Blood glucose level and animal weight in non-diabetic and diabetic rats during the study.
Figure 1.
Histological analysis of 10-day old implants from non-diabetic and diabetic rats.
Representative histological sections stained with H&E of fibrovascular tissue from diabetic (A) and non diabetic (B) rats. The pores of the sponge matrix, seen as triangular shapes, is composed of microvessels (C), spindle-shaped fibroblasts (D) and inflammatory infiltrate consisting of neutrophils (E), macrophages (F), and foreign body giant cells (G). Dilated microvessels and low cellularity were characteristics of implants from diabetic rats (H). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05; Mann-Whitney test. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant; scale bar, 50 µm.
Figure 2.
Vascularization in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic and diabetic rats.
Hemoglobin content (A) and VEGF levels (B), both angiogenic markers, were not altered after diabetes induction. Morphometric analysis showed a decreased number of blood vessels in implants from diabetic as compared with non-diabetic rats (C). Representative CD31-immunostained section shows the newly formed vascular structures (D). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05. Student's t-test. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant; scale bar, 25 µm.
Figure 3.
Markers of inflammation in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic and diabetic rats.
Neutrophils and macrophages recruited to the implant were determined through MPO and NAG activities, respectively. An increase in MPO activity (A) and decreased in NAG activity (B) were observed after diabetes induction, indicating a persistence of acute inflammatory response and delay in the chronic response. An increase in other inflammatory indicators MCP-1 (C), TNF-α (D), and mast cell index (E) was observed. Representative histological images stained with Dominicci show mast cells in implants from non-diabetic (F) and diabetic rats (G). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant; scale bar, 50 µm.
Figure 4.
Markers of fibrogenesis in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic and diabetic rats.
The amount of collagen (A) and levels of TGFβ1 (B) were increased in implants of non-diabetic rats as compared with that of diabetic rats. Representative histological sections (Picrossiurus-red staining) of implants from both groups of animals show distinct types of collagen in the implants (C) and (D). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05. Student's t-test. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant; scale bar, 200 µm.
Figure 5.
Pattern of apoptosis in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic and diabetic rats.
Apoptotic index was increased in implants from diabetic rats as compared with non-diabetic rats (A). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic rats; p<0.05. Mann-Whitney test. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant; scale bar, 25 µm. Representative histological sections (TUNEL staining) of the fibrovascular tissue induced by sponge implants at 10 post implantation show apoptotic cells in non-diabetic (B) and diabetic rats (C).
Figure 6.
Histological characteristics of implant fibrous capsule.
Representative histological sections of fibrous capsule in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic (A) and diabetic rats (B) (H&E staining) scale bar, 100 µm. Wall thickness was decreased after diabetes induction (C). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05. Student's t-test. Furthermore, the number foreign body giant cells was equally reduced in implants from diabetic rats (D). Values shown are expressed as mean±SEM. *Significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic; p<0.05. Mann-Whitney test. Representative histological sections of foreign body giant cells in 10-day old implants from non-diabetic (E) and diabetic rats (F) (H&E staining); scale bar, 25 µm. NSC, non-diabetic implant; DSC, diabetic implant.