Figure 1.
Study area at the west coast of Turkey.
(a) Geographical location of ancient Ephesus. (b) City map of Roman Ephesus with investigated excavations sites. (c) Details of the excavation trench in 1993 (DAM93) including the gladiator cemetery (DAM93G). Images compiled with modified data from OpenStreetMap and CIA maps.
Figure 2.
In situ gladiator tombstone excavated in the cemetery.
Table 1.
Individual data of stable carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) isotope ratios for collagen and strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca) as well as Ca/P-ratios and Sr/Ca-ratios.
Table 2.
Data of calcium (Ca); Ca/P-ratios, strontium (Sr), and Sr/Ca-ratios, as well as lanthanum (La) and pH for the analyzed samples of animal and cremated human bones respectively total soil and soil eluents.
Table 3.
Instrumentation characteristics for the ICP-OES measurements.
Table 4.
Basic statistics for stable isotope ratios and Sr/Cr data.
Table 5.
Kruskal-Wallis respectively Mann-Whitney U tests performed for gladiator and non gladiator groups.
Table 6.
Ratios of Ca and Sr for bone vs. total soil vs. soil eluent and bone vs. soil eluent gradients, as well as Sr/Ca-ratios in bone, soil and eluent for all investigated excavation locations.
Figure 3.
Comparison between different groups (gladiators, NG-males, and NG-females).
Figure 4.
Comparison between different groups (gladiators, NG-males, and NG-females).
Figure 5.
Individual values and comparison between different groups (gladiators, NG-all, NG-males, and females).