Figure 1.
Flow diagram of the process used in selection of the randomized controlled trials included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 1.
Characteristics of aerobic exercise studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 2.
Characteristics of resistance/combined exercises studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Figure 2.
Forest plot showing the effect of aerobic exercise on pulse wave velocity (PWV).
AIT, aerobic interval training; CMT, continuous moderate-intensity training; ID, intradialytic; HB, home-based.
Figure 3.
Associations between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in response to (a) aerobic (b) resistance (c) combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention.
(d) Association between augmentations index (AIx) and changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in response to aerobic exercise intervention. Each study is depicted by a circle where the circle size represents the degree of weighting for the study based on participant numbers in the study.
Table 3.
Subgroup analyses of the effects exercise modalities on pulse wave velocity (PWV) using a random-effects model.
Table 4.
Subgroup analyses of the effect exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance or combined) on indices of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) according to the health status of the included participants.
Figure 4.
Forest plot showing the effect of resistance exercise on pulse wave velocity (PWV).
ERT, eccentric resistance training; CRT, concentric resistance training; UL, upper limb; LL, lower limb; ALRT, low intensity after high intensity resistance training; BLRT, low intensity before high intensity resistance training.
Figure 5.
Forest plot showing the effect of combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise on pulse wave velocity (PWV).
1DW, 1 day per week, 2DW, 2 days per week; BRT, aerobic training before resistance training, ART, aerobic training after resistance training.
Figure 6.
Forest plot showing the effect of aerobic exercise on augmentation index (AIx).
intradialytic; HB, home-based; FG, football group, RG, running group.
Figure 7.
Associations between aerobic exercise intervention characteristics and augmentation index (AIx): (a) relative intensity; (b) absolute intensity; (c) session frequency; (d) session duration.
Each study is depicted by a circle where the circle size represents the degree of weighting for the study based on participant numbers in the study.
Figure 8.
Forest plot showing the effect of resistance exercise intervention on augmentation index (AIx).