Figure 1.
Reconstruction of Sthenurus stirlingi.
By Brian Regal.
Figure 2.
Skeletons of (A) Sthenurus stirlingi and (B) Macropus giganteus.
Modified from Wells and Tedford, 1995. Original artist Lorraine Meeker, American Museum of Natural History (reproduced here by permission).
Figure 3.
(A) Simosthenurus occidentalis (SAM: P17358). (B) Dendrolagus dorianus (SAM: M9190) (C). Macropus robustus (SAM: M3695). Left lateral view. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4.
(A) Simosthenurus occidentalis (SAM: P17259). (B) Macropus sp. (SAM: P17270). All left side: upper = proximal articular view; lower = lateral distal view. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 5.
(A) Procoptodon goliah (NMV2010). (B) Macropus giganteus (AMNH 2390). All left side: upper = distal articular view (plantar side upwards); lower = posterior (plantar) view, showing articulation with tarsus. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 6.
(A) Simosthenurus occidentalis (SAM: P17258 [reversed]). (B) Macropus giganteus (SAM: P17523 [reversed]). All left side: upper = proximodorsal view; lower = lateral view. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 7.
(A) Sthenurus stirlingi (AMNH 117496). (B) Macropus giganteus (AMNH 2390 [reversed]). All left side: upper = proximal articular view; lower = distal articular view (plantar side downwards). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 8.
Measurements used in analyses-1.
Drawings, all of left side elements, primarily from photographs of Macropus fuliginosus, AMNH 2390. (A) Pelvis, lateral view. (B) Pelvis, ventral view. (C) Pelvis, dorsal view. (D) Femur, anterior view. (E) Femur, posterior view. (F) Femur, proximal articular view (anterior of shaft downwards). (G) Distal femur, medial view. (H) Distal femur, lateral view. A detailed description of the measurements is provided in Table S2.
Figure 9.
Measurements used in analyses-2.
Drawings, all of left side elements, primarily from photographs of Macropus fuliginosus, AMNH 2390, Calcaneum from Macropus giganteus, AMNH 74753). (A) Tibia, lateral view (fibula removed). (B) Tibia, proximal articular view (plantar side downwards). (C) Tibia, distal articular view (plantar side upwards). (D) Astragalus, anterior (dorsal) view. (E) Astragalus, medial view. (F) Astragalus, lateral view. (G) Calcaneum, anterior (dorsal) view. (H) Calcaneum, posterior (plantar) view. (I) Calcaneum, lateral view. (J) Calcaneum (head only) medial view. (K) Calcaneum, distal articular view (plantar side upwards). (L) Pes, anterior (dorsal) view. A detailed description of the measurements is provided in Table S2.
Figure 10.
Scaling of long bone length versus diameter (i.e., robusticity).
(A) Femur length versus average femur cross-sectional diameter (B) Tibia length versus average tibia midshaft cross sectional diameter. The regression line and its 95% confidence interval (dotted lines) are also shown (A r2 = 0.96, B r2 = 0.933). Key: Open diamond = Hypsiprymnodon moschatus; filled circles = potoroines; open circles = extant species of Macropus; half tone circles = extinct (“giant”) species of Macropus (M. titan or M. ferragus); filled diamonds = extant macropodines (other than Macropus or Dendrolagus) and lagostrophines; open squares = species of Dendrolagus; filled stars = sthenurines; open stars = other extinct taxa. The regression line and its 95% confidence interval (dotted lines) are also shown.
Figure 11.
Multivariate analyses of hindlimb bones.
Key as for Figure 10: taxa included and explanation of any composite fossils are listed and explained in Tables S3, 4. (A) Principal Components Analysis using all hind limb bones. The dotted line indicates the division between extant taxa that are more specialized hoppers, and those that are less specialized or that rarely hop. (B) Principal Components Analysis without the pelvis. The dotted line indicates the division between extant taxa that are more specialized hoppers, and those that are less specialized or that rarely hop. The placement of taxa along both components is very similar to that shown in Figure 11A, except where otherwise noted. (C). Discriminant Analysis using all hind limb bones. Sthenurines and extant macropodines (plus Lagostrophus) only. (D). Principal Components Analysis, calcaneum only. Key as for Figure 10 except for the following additions: half tone diamonds = extinct Miocene macropodine Dorcopsoides; half tone stars = Miocene sthenurines ( = Hadronomas puckridgi unless otherwise indicated). (E). Discriminant Analysis, calcaneum only. Key as for (D).
Table 1.
Factor loadings for Principal Components Analysis: all hind limb bones.
Table 2.
Factor loadings for Principal Components Analysis: without the pelvis.
Table 3.
Coefficient loadings for Discriminant Analysis: all hind limb bones (sthenurines and extant macropodines only).
Table 4.
Factor loadings for Principal Components Analysis: Calcaneum only.
Table 5.
Coefficient loadings Discriminant Analysis: Calcaneum only.
Table 6.
Summary of important differences between sthenurines and large species of Macropus 1: Lumbar vertebrae, pelvis and proximal limb bones.
Table 7.
Summary of important differences between sthenurines and large large species of Macropus II: Pes.