Table 1.
List of collecting site of Cyclophorus fulguratus, C. rangunensis and C. abditus sp. nov., voucher numbers (CUMZ) and the accession no. of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA and COI genes.
Figure 1.
(A) Location of Cyclophorus fulguratus species complex sampling sites in Thailand. The numbered sample sites are detailed in Table 1. (B) Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of the Cyclophorus fulguratus species complex and related species constructed using 2146 nucleotide sites of the concatenated 18S, 28S, 16S and COI genes. Bootstrap support values (when>65%) and posterior probabilities for individual nodes are shown on the tree (based on NJ/ML/BI methods).
Table 2.
List of primers used in this study.
Figure 2.
*BEAST species tree inference output based on all loci for the C. fulguratus – complex.
Black nodes show 95% speciation probability support values in Bayesian species delimitation; Gray nodes are not supported in over 95% by Bayesian species delimitation. Posterior probability for supported branches generated by *BEAST are shown above the branches and speciation probabilities of a Bayesian species delimitation are provided in box for each node under each combination of priors: A, relatively large ancestral population size and shallow divergences; B, relatively large ancestral population size and deep divergences; and C, relatively small ancestral population size and shallow divergences. The 95% of speciation probability value is considered as strong support for a speciation event and is shown for each node.
Figure 3.
Geometric-morphometric study of shell shape variation in Cyclophorus fulguratus s.l.
(A) Shell photo showing measurements and landmarks (black circles) used in this study. (B) Plots of individual scores for the two canonical variates (CVs) derived from canonical variate analysis (CVA). Black circles represent individuals for Clade A, white circles for Clade B and grey circles for Clade C. (C) Wireframes showing the shape deformations (solid line) from the consensus configuration (dotted line) to each extreme negative and positive CVs. Shape changes along CV1 are shown on the left and CV2 on the right.
Table 3.
Ranges of genetic divergence for the 18S, 28S, 16S and COI gene fragments between all Cyclophorus species included in this analysis (excluding outgroup).
Table 4.
Ranges of genetic divergence of three Cyclophorus fulguratus clades and related species based on 18S rRNA gene (above diagonal) and 28S rRNA (below diagonal).
Table 5.
Ranges of genetic divergence of three Cyclophorus fulguratus clades and related species based on 16S rRNA gene (above diagonal) and COI gene (below diagonal).
Table 6.
Mahalanobis distances and Procrustes distances of three Cyclophorus fulguratus clades derived from canonical variate analysis (CVA) of the shell shape with p-values (shown in parenthesis) calculated by 10,000 random permutations per test to determine statistical significance of differences between pairs of clades.
Figure 4.
(A, B) Cyclophorus fulguratus s.s. (A) Lectotype NHMUK 20130117/1, and (B) specimen CUMZ 1327 from Khao Chakan, Sra Kaeo (Clade A; Fig. 1B). (C, D) Cyclophorus rangunensis (C) Lectotype NHMUK 20130091/1, and (D) specimen CUMZ 1781 from Thepmuangthong Temple, Uthaithani (Clade C; Fig. 1B). (E, F) Cyclophorus abditus sp.nov. (E) holotype CUMZ 1828/1, and (F) paratype CUMZ 1828 from the type locality (Clade B; Fig. 1B).
Figure 5.
SEM pictures of (A, D, G) side and top views of protoconch, (B, E, H) radula morphology, and (C, F, I) surface sculpture of jaw of Cyclophorus species.
(A–C) Cyclophorus fulguratus s.s. specimen CUMZ 1327 from Khao Chakan, Sra Kaeo (Clade A; Fig. 1B). (D–F) Cyclophorus rangunensis specimen CUMZ 1781 from Thepmuangthong Temple, Uthaithani (Clade C; Fig. 1B). (G–I) Cyclophorus abditus sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 1828 from the type locality (Clade B; Fig. 1B).