Table 1.
Characteristics of patients recruited to study.
Table 2.
Expression of cell-surface and soluble proteins in study participants with VAP, non-VAP and NVC.
Figure 1.
BALF levels and BALF/blood ratios of monocytic TREM-1.
Box (interquartile) and whisker (range) plots showing expression of TREM-1 by CD14+ monocytes in BALF (Figure 1a) and the BALF/blood ratio of TREM-1 expression by monocytes in blood and BALF (Figure 1b) from patients with VAP, non-VAP (ventilated non-pulmonary infected control) and NVC (non-ventilated control). BALF levels were corrected for dilution occurring with bronchoscopy using urea measurement. Statistically significant differences between groups were determined using the Mann-Whitney U and post hoc Dunn correction as follows: monocyte TREM-1 levels for VAP versus non-VAP and NVC (p<0.001)* and BALF/blood monocytic TREM-1 ratio VAP versus non-VAP and NVC (p<0.001)*. MFI = mean fluorescence intensity.
Figure 2.
Soluble cytokine levels in BALF.
Box (interquartile) and whisker (range) plots showing (a) sTREM-1, (b) IL-1β, (c) IL-6 and (d) IL-8 levels in BALF of patients with VAP, non-VAP (ventilated non-pulmonary infected control) and NVC (non-ventilated control). The BALF levels were corrected for dilution occurring with bronchoscopy using urea measurement. The concentration of BALF sTREM-1, IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly higher in VAP than non-VAP (p<0.001)*. BALF IL-1β and IL-6 were higher in the VAP compared with the NVC patient group (p<0.001)**.