Figure 1.
Proportional diversity of genera in Rallidae by geographic regions (Continents).
Genera endemic to each continent are in gray. Genera common to more than one region are indicated by identical colour in each pie chart. Taxonomic treatment follows Taylor (1998) and Clements (2012), but we note several lines of evidence place Sarothrura outside the family (see Fain et al. 2007 and Hackett et al. 2008).
Figure 2.
Maximum Likelihood tree resulting from analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes of birds with an emphasis in Rallidae.
Species outside of the Grues are not shown. Bootstrap support over 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.9 are indicated in each branch. Letters below the nodes refer to the families within the Order Gruiformes included in this study (A = Rallidae, B = Heliornithidae, C = Gruidae).
Figure 3.
Chronogram based on analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes with a Lognormal relaxed–clock Bayesian analysis using BEAST.
Age constraints were established by calibration fossils of Galloanserae with a minimum age of 66 Mya and maximum age of 86.5 Mya and Sphenisciformes with an age range from 61.5 Mya to 65.5 Mya. For each node the estimate time of divergence is indicate and the green bar represents the 95% HPD intervals of node ages. The time scale is in millions of years ago (Mya) and geological eras, periods and epochs are indicate where Pli is Pliocene and Ple is Pleistocene. A complete figure including all species analysed in this study is found in supplementary Figure S1. Bootstrap support, Bayesian posterior probabilities and letters referring families within order Gruiformes are the same as in Figure 2.
Figure 4.
A schematic diagram representing available temporal patterns of diversification in bird lineages: Rallidae (this study), Gruidae [87], Cacatuidae [104], Fringillidae [103], Pachycephalidae [105] and Emeidae [32].
The number of species included in each study (in parenthesis) is represented by the respective clade height at zero time. Time of diversification among clades follows the most complete molecular time estimations on bird fauna [9]. Intensity of internal branch colour reflects the degree of confidence from available analyses that use various dating approaches. The cross symbol indicates studies using complete mitochondrial genomes to estimate divergence times. The asterisk indicates inclusion of Megalapterygidae and Dinornithidae species within Emeidae.