Figure 1.
Evaluation of purity by the G6PDH activity in the cell wall proteins isolated from the roots of Elsholtzia splendens.
The activity of G6PDH was assayed in CaCl2-extracted cell wall proteins, NaCl-extracted cell wall proteins and total soluble proteins. One unit of G6PDH activity is defined as 1 µmol of NADPH turnover per min/mg protein. Results are presented as mean ±SE of G6PDH activity from three biological replicates. The asterisks indicate significant differences in the G6PDH activity of CaCl2-extracted cell wall proteins, NaCl-extracted cell wall proteins compared with that of total soluble cytosolic proteins (**p<0.01).
Figure 2.
Effect of different copper concentration on the cell wall protein and copper ions in Elsholtzia splendens's root cell.
A: The content of copper and protein every root cell wall dry weight. B: SDS-PAGE of root cell wall protein under different copper stress. C: Root growth patterns of control and copper-stressed plants during different copper concentration. Data presented are mean ±SE (n = 20),*Significant mean differences from control at p = 0.05 in multiple comparison by LSD test.
Figure 3.
Effect of different copper concentrations on the contents of root cell wall polysacchride.
Sug: sugar, Gal: galacturonic acids, KDO: 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid. Data presented are mean ±SE (n = 3). *Significant mean difference from control at p = 0.05 in multiple comparison by LSD test.
Figure 4.
Hierarchical cluster result of cell wall polysaccharide abundance ratio using the average linkage distance between clusters is shown.
The color weighting represents normalized levels of each variable from the high (red) to the low (green).
Table 1.
Root cell wall proteins with significant increased in expression level under 50 µM Cu treatment identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS-based proteomics using SIEVE (p<0.05 and fold chang >1.5).
Table 2.
Root cell wall proteins with significant decreased in expression level under 50 µM Cu treatment identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS-based proteomics using SIEVE (p<0.05 and fold chang >1.5).
Figure 5.
Functional cataloguing of 55 differentially expressed cell wall proteins in Elsholtzia splendens's root based on GO annotation.
The pie charts show the distribution of 55 differentially expressed cell wall proteins on of the Cu –responsive proteins into their functional classes in percentage. A: Biological Process Ontology, B: Molecular Function Ontology.
Table 3.
Category of differentially expressed cell wall proteins refers to the entry on the classification of pathways from KEGG database.
Figure 6.
Pathways involved in cell defense, signaling, and cell wall remodeling under copper stress in the root cell wall of Elsholtzia splendens.
Proteins identified in this study are displayed on the corresponding metabolic pathways and the number indicates the protein identification number. Gal, galacturonic acids; Methyl-gal, methylated galacturonic acids; KDO, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid; Rha, rhamnose; PME, Pectin methylesterase; Xyl, xylanase; Glu, glucose; MD, malate dehydrogenase; Trx, thioredoxin; MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; PPI, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase; PPK, phosphoglycerate kinase; MatK, maturase K; 1,4-BR, putative 1,4-benzoquinone reductase; oxidation; FNR, ferredoxin-NADP reductase; HQ, hydroquinone; DHQ, Durohydroquinone; DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate; E4P, perythrose-4-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; RGP, RAS-related GTP-binding protein; PLP, porin-like proteins; Cyc, cytochrome; PMCA, plasma membrane calcium ATPase; V-ATPases, vacuolar H(+)-ATPases; MPT, mitochondrial phosphate translocator; GADPH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RP, ribosomal protein; UF, ubiquitin fusion protein; EF, elongation factor 1 subunit alpha; PQ, Pollen allergen Que a 1 isoform; AP, aspartic proteinase nepenthesin-1 precursor; nsHbs. non-symbiotic hemoglobin; OsARF, Os070223100; iPGM, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase.