Figure 1.
Protective effects of PAPLAL against skin atrophy in the Sod1-deficient mice.
(A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the skin on the backs of the Sod1+/+ and Sod1−/− mice (five months of age). E, epidermis; D, dermis. The scale bars represent 20 µm (top) or 100 µm (bottom). The thickness of the (B) epidermal and (C) dermal layers of the skin on the backs of Sod1+/+ and Sod1−/− mice treated with PAPLAL (n = 6–8). (D) 8-isoprostane content of the skin on the backs of Sod1+/+ and Sod1−/− mice treated with PAPLAL (n = 5–8). 0.01× and 1× PAPLAL indicate 0.01- or 1-fold concentrations of PAPLAL, respectively. Data are shown as the mean ± SD; *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
Figure 2.
PAPLAL attenuates cellular damage in skin.
(A) Relative number of outgrowing fibroblasts in cultured Sod1+/+ and Sod1−/− skin specimens. (B) LDH activity in the medium used to culture the Sod1+/+ and Sod1−/− skin specimens. Data are shown as the mean ± SD; *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
Figure 3.
PAPLAL is non-toxic in wild-type mice.
(A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the skin on the backs of Sod1+/+ mice (17–20 weeks of age). E, epidermis; D, dermis. The scale bars represent 20 µm (top) or 100 µm (bottom). The thickness of the (B) epidermal and (C) dermal layers of the skin on the backs of Sod1+/+ mice treated with PAPLAL (n = 5).
Figure 4.
PAPLAL improved the transcriptional profiles of skin-related genes in the skin of Sod1−/− mice.
(A) The relative mRNA expression levels of Col1a1, Has2, Mmp2, Decorin, Ki67, Tnf-α, Il-6, p53, and Mdm2. Each mRNA expression level was determined using qRT-PCR. Data are shown as the mean ± SD; *p<0.05 vs. Sod1+/+, **p<0.01 vs. Sod1+/+, #p<0.05 vs. Sod1−/−.
Figure 5.
Pt nanoparticles possess SOD and catalase activity.
PAPLAL includes 2.82 mM of Pd nanoparticles and 1.03 mM of Pt nanoparticles. (A) The SOD and (B) catalase activity of 2.82 mM Pd nanoparticles, 1.03 mM Pt nanoparticles, and PAPLAL. Five nM of SOD derived from bovine erythrocytes (A) and 0.2 µM of catalase derived from bovine liver tissue (B) were used as positive controls for SOD and catalase, respectively.
Figure 6.
Pd nanoparticles protected the SOD and catalase activity of Pt nanoparticles against oxidative degradation in vitro.
(A) The SOD and (B) catalase activity of 1.03 mM Pt nanoparticles and PAPLAL that had been stored at room temperature for four weeks. (C) The SOD and (D) catalase activity of Pt nanoparticles and PAPLAL that had been rotated for 24 hours in a tube in order to oxidize the nanoparticles. Data are shown as the mean ± SD; *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
Figure 7.
Pd nanoparticles protected the SOD activity of Pt nanoparticles against oxidative degradation at various molar ratios.
Pd nanoparticles were added to Pt nanoparticles at various molar ratios, and the SOD activity of each mixture was measured after four weeks of storage at room temperature.