Figure 1.
Spectrograms of introductory (left) and shared syllable (right) placed on to a map of the geographic distribution of leks.
Both syllables are typical to each lek, most notably the introductory syllable, and the 70 and 82% of the individuals were correctly classified to their lek of origin according to measurements from the introductory and shared syllable, respectively. See Fig. S1 for further details on measurements taken from the introductory and shared syllable.
Table 1.
Population genetic variability in wedge-tailed sabrewing leks based on ten microsatellite loci.
Figure 2.
Geographic patterns of genetic structure based on Bayesian assignment analysis in STRUCTURE.
(A) Posterior assignment probabilities of 105 individuals of C. curvipennis show a weak genetic structure, with an optimal number of K = 2. Each individual is represented by a vertical line that is partitioned into K colored sections, with the length of each section proportional to the estimated membership coefficient. (B) Mean log probability of the data (L(K) ± SD) over 10 independent runs from K = 1 to K = 12 (left Y axis) and values of ΔK calculated according to Evanno et al. [55] (right Y axis).
Table 2.
Estimates of the gene flow parameter 4 Nm generated in Migrate analysis among leks from 10 microsatellite genotypes.
Figure 3.
Dendrogram generated by cluster analysis of a presence/absence matrix of syllable types from individuals recorded.
Each of nine leks is located in a different cluster and represented by a different colored line. Green, blue and red-orange lines correspond to leks from the north, central and south part of the Sierra Madre Oriental respectively (nSMO, cSMO, and sSMO). Attached to the dendrogram, 4 sec fragments of vocalizations representing syllable variation of each lek are shown. Audio files of one song of each lek are provided as (Audio S1–S9).
Table 3.
Similarity matrix based on the presence/absence of syllable types among leks.
Figure 4.
Geographic patterns of acoustic structure based on Bayesian assignment analysis in STRUCTURE using the presence/absence matrix of the syllable types.
(A) Posterior assignment probabilities of 56 individuals of C. curvipennis show the uppermost level of structure with the maximum probability at K = 3 corresponding to the northern, central and southern areas of distribution. Each individual is represented by a vertical line that is partitioned into K colored sections, with the length of each section proportional to the estimated membership coefficient. (B) Mean log probability of the data (L(K) ± SD) over 10 independent runs from K = 1 to K = 12 (left Y axis) and values of ΔK calculated according to Evanno et al. [55] (right Y axis).
Figure 5.
Additional independent STRUCTURE analyses with each subset of data of the three clusters detected, showing a strong acoustic structure.
(A) Posterior assignment probabilities showed where optimal number of cluster were K = 3 for nSMO, K = 2 for cSMO and K = 6 for sSMO. B) Mean log probability of each data set (L(K) ± SD) according to Evanno et al. [55].
Figure 6.
Significant correlation between acoustic and geographic distance from a Mantel test.
Circles represent mean values of pairwise comparisons between Jaccard similarity coefficient between individuals among leks and geographic distance among leks. Song dissimilarity was calculated by subtracting the Jaccard similarity coefficient values from 1 to make a dissimilarity matrix; geographic distance estimated as linear distance in kilometers among leks.