Table 1.
Cystatins found by LC-MS/MS from human, dog, sheep, cattle, horse, rabbit and rat saliva.
Figure 1.
Type-II cystatin gene cluster region overview.
Organization of the CST1-5 genes in human (Homo sapiens), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), orangutan (Pongo abelii), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mus musculus), pig (Sus scrofa), cattle (Bos taurus) and dog (Canis lupus familiaris). The transcriptional orientation of the genes is shown; the pseudogenes are highlighted in yellow (data from ENSEMBL and NCBI databases). The genes used in the subsequent analysis are highlighted in blue.
Figure 2.
Amino acid composition of cystatins.
Homo sapiens cystatin C (P01034); Bos taurus cystatin C (P01035); Rattus norvegicus cystatin C (P14841); Canis lupus familiaris cystatin C (J9NS29); Homo sapiens cystatin D (P28325); Callithrix jacchus cystatin D (ENSCJAP00000001156); Macaca mulatta cystatin D (G7N352); Homo sapiens cystatin SN (P01037); Pan troglodytes cystatin SN (H2QK35); Homo sapiens cystatin S (P01036); Pan troglodytes cystatin S (H2QK34); Homo sapiens cystatin SA (P09228); Pan troglodytes cystatin SA (H2QK36) and Rattus norvegicus cystatin S (P19313). Filled grey boxes indicate conserved amino acid motifs; empty boxes indicate conserved amino acids characteristic of each cystatin; asterisks (*) mark the codons on CST3 under negative selection.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic tree inferred by using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI).
TPM3+I+G was the best fitting mutation model. For ML 1000 bootstrap replicates were considered and for BI posterior probabilities were calculated; posterior probabilities (bold) over 0.95 and bootstrap confidence (italic) over 90% are considered valid support and are shown in the tree.
Figure 4.
Diagram of salivary cystatin evolution.
Cystatin genes estimated emergence is shown (divergence times were based on [45]).