Figure 1.
Deep phylogeny, based on molecular data [63], showing animal groups whose adhesion has been examined.
Yellow labels indicate taxonomic phyla while green labels indicate subphylum or lower taxonomic rank (in the case of Hexapoda). ‘DOPA’ refers to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; ‘pSer’ refers to phosphorylated serines.
Table 1.
Repeating amino acid motifs appearing in fp-1 of various mussel species (family Mytilidae), including several species of the genus Mytilus.
Figure 2.
Phylogeny of taxonomic orders of barnacle showing approximate time that these taxonomic groups split, based on [64].
The names of the taxonomic orders of barnacle appear on the tree branches; ‘Mya’ = million years ago.
Figure 3.
The stalked barnacle Lepas anatifera and its adhesive.
A) aggregation of L. anatifera; B) adhesive plaque of L. anatifera (black arrow) adhered to nylon rope; C) samples from the adhesive plaque of L. anatifera; D) liquid adhesive extracted from beneath the adhesive plaque of L. anatifera (black arrow).
Figure 4.
SDS-PAGE adhesive protein separation of five biological replicates (‘samples’) of L. anatifera.
Left hand column is ladder of protein molecular masses. Prominent, repeated bands were observed at approximately 30 kDa, 90 kDa and 110 kDa. Fainter bands were detected at 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 60–68 kDa, 80 kDa, and 130 kD kDa. A band at 70 kDa was sometimes intense and weak at other times.
Table 2.
Protein masses (kDa) of gel bands observed in the polymerised adhesive of L. anatifera (current study) and D. fascicularis; 1: polymerised adhesive [43], 2: partially polymerised adhesive [42], 3: unpolymerised adhesive [42].
Table 3.
De novo sequences from tryptic peptides of L. anatifera adhesive protein bands (listed along top row), analysed by PEAKS using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.
Figure 5.
Polyclonal antibody for cp-52k adhesive protein in acorn and stalked barnacles.
A, C & E) A. improvisus (acorn barnacle). B, D & F) Lepas anatifera (stalked barnacle). Insets are negative controls. Ag-adhesive gland, ov-ovarian tubules, PC-principal canal.
Figure 6.
Polyclonal antibody for cp-68k adhesive protein in acorn and stalked barnacles.
A, C & E) A. improvisus (acorn barnacle). B, D & F) Lepas anatifera (stalked barnacle). Insets are negative controls. Ag-adhesive gland ov-ovarian tubules PC-principal canal. Black arrows indicate intensely-stained areas.
Figure 7.
Extract from clustalW alignment of entire cp-19k genes from M. rosa, A. improvisus and F. albicostatus and EST sequences from P. pollicipes.
Sequence conservation across four species is shown in black and across three species only is shown in grey. Dashed lines show base pairs that are not present in a sequence. Consensus sequence is included as the last line of each row.
Table 4.
Similarity of barnacle adhesive cDNA and AA sequences between different species.