Figure 1.
Associations of lipid-related genetic variants with lipid fractions.
Association of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk-increasing alleles of 185 genetic variants with all pairs of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides (brightness and size of points: brighter points correspond to stronger associations with CAD risk, larger points correspond to more precise estimates). Note that some points are overlapping.
Figure 2.
Associations of lipid-related genetic variants with lipid fraction and CAD risk.
Association of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk-increasing alleles of 185 genetic variants with odds of CAD, and with each of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides in turn (brightness and size of points: brighter points correspond to stronger associations with CAD risk, larger points correspond to more precise estimates). Note that some points are overlapping.
Figure 3.
Causal assumptions as a directed acyclic graph.
Diagram of causal relationships between genetic variants, risk factors (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c; and triglycerides), confounders, and disease (coronary artery disease, CAD). Although confounders (common causes of a risk factor and the outcome) are represented as a single variable for simplicity, each risk factor may have a different set of confounders.
Table 1.
Causal odds ratios (95% confidence/credible intervals) of coronary artery disease per standard deviation increase in each lipid fraction (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c; and triglycerides), with two-sided p-value for HDL-c.
Figure 4.
Association of lipid score for all lipid-related genetic variants with CAD risk.
Association of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk-increasing alleles of 185 genetic variants with lipid risk score and odds of CAD (brightness corresponds to percentile of chi-squared distribution for heterogeneity test: 98th or higher [brightest red], 95th to 98th, 90th to 95th, below 90th [black]). Note that some points are overlapping. Variants associated with blood pressure or body mass index (P<0.05) are displayed as triangles.
Table 2.
Sensitivity analysis for the correlation parameters (ρ..) between beta-coefficients for genetic associations with LDL-c (βL), HDL-c (βH), triglycerides (βT) and CAD risk (βY): estimates of causal log odds ratios βL, βH, and βT (with standard errors).