Figure 1.
Neighbor joining tree presenting the diversity of flor strains evaluated at 12 microsatellite loci, in comparison with strains of other origins.
The tree was built from the Dc chord distance and drawn with MEGA5.22. The wine cluster has been condensed due to its large size. Red dots indicate the presence of a 111 bp deletion in the FLO11 promoter, and a green dot indicates that this deletion is missing.
Figure 2.
Clustering of flor strains with InStruct population structure inference software for K = 9 populations.
Each color corresponds to one inferred ancestral group. The proportion of each colors gives the proportion of the corresponding ancestral genome in the genome of each strain. The name of the isolated population is shown at the top of each cluster.
Figure 3.
Neighbor net representing the differentiation between populations measured by Fst distance matrices.
Table 1.
Ploidy of flor strains from various countries (Spain, Italy, Hungary, and France) estimated from the DNA content measured in Flow cytometry.
Figure 4.
Karyoscope obtained with DNAcopy, showing variations in hybridization signal along the chromosome for flor strain My181 and wine strain UHA13.
Chromosomes are colored in blue (uneven numbers) or dark blue (even numbers). Mean segment level estimated by DNAcopy is shown as a red line. The red arrow indicates the YKL221W/MCH2 and YKL222C region, and the orange arrow indicates the PHO12 and IMD2 region.
Figure 5.
Hierarchical clustering of array CGH profile. Main clusters of gene with inter strain variability.
A. Genes with a low hybridization signal for most strains. B. Cluster of genes with a low hybridization signal specifically for flor strains. C. Clusters of genes potentially amplified (Log ratio>0.3) in comparison with S288C.
Figure 6.
Alignment of 278 bp of ICR1 containing the deletion of 111 bp described by Fidalgo et al. [18].
The first sequences were obtained from Genbank and correspond to Spanish and an Italian flor strains [18], [48] that carry this deletion. The Spanish strain CECT11758, the Hungarian strain T8CUB and the Jura strain LRJura share the same deletion. The alleles of the Jura strain CAV21 and the Hungarian strain TR05CUB are similar to that of S288C.
Table 2.
FLO11 promoter and ORF polymorphisms, and hydrophobicity of the various flor strains.
Table 3.
Growth of the various strains on Fornachon’s media. Intensity of velum formation is scored from 0 (no velum) to 4 (thick velum).