Figure 1.
Experimental setting.
Figure 2.
Sequence of actions by the owner (O), helper (H) and experimenter (E) for each condition.
Figure 3.
Comparisons between conditions and phases to test all criteria of referentiality and intentionality.
Figure 4.
Additional comparisons to investigate the referentiality criterion.
Figure 5.
Additional comparisons to investigate the effect of the owner’s direction of attention.
Figure 6.
Relative duration of Gaze Food during Food+Owner and Absence of Owner, and, relative duration of Gaze Shelves and Gaze Exit door during Absence of Food.
Table 1.
Medians (Interquartile ranges-IQR) for the variables and two-sample Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests for comparisons regarding the audience effect. Significant differences are in bold.
Figure 7.
Frequencies of gaze alternation: between the owner and the food during Food+Owner; between the owner and the shelves, and, between the owner and Exit door during Absence of Food.
Table 2.
Medians (Interquartile ranges-IQR) for the variables and two-sample Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests for comparisons regarding referentiality. Significant differences are in bold.
Figure 8.
Frequencies of gaze alternation between the owner and the food during Food+Owner and between the owner’s back and the food during Owner Turned.
Table 3.
Medians (Interquartile ranges-IQR) for the variables and two-sample Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests for comparisons regarding the effect of the owner’s direction of attention.
Table 4.
Medians (Interquartile ranges-IQR) for the variables and two-sample Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests for comparisons regarding persistence.
Figure 9.
Frequencies of Gaze Alternation between the owner and the food in the pre and post-delivery phases for Food, Half-Food and Undesirable Food conditions.
Figure 10.
Proportion of dogs that exhibited multiple behaviors in each phase of Food, Half-Food and Undesirable Food conditions.
Table 5.
Percentages of dogs that exhibited multiple behavior (MB) with Mc Nemar’s tests, and, absolute frequency of MB with two-sample Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests for the comparisons regarding elaboration.