Table 1.
Labels used for different samples as a function of their composition.
Table 2.
Intrinsic viscosity and calculated molar mass of alginate and ADA.
Figure 1.
Water uptake behavior of alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels.
Water uptake as a function of incubation time in DMEM of the films fabricated from alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels of different compositions.
Figure 2.
Swelling and degradation characteristics of alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels.
(a) Swelling and degradation as a function of incubation time in DMEM of the films fabricated from alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels of different compositions and (b) photograph of the hydrogel films after 28 days of incubation during degradation study.
Figure 3.
Gelatin release pattern from ADA-GEL hydrogels.
Cumulative gelatin release as a function of incubation time in DMEM from the films fabricated from ADA-GEL hydrogels of different compositions.
Figure 4.
Electrophoretic analysis of protein in the released supernatant from ADA-GEL hydrogels.
Silver stained SDS-PAGE gel indicating the protein patterns according to the molecular weight of (a) pure gelatin. After 7 days of incubation, the polypeptide patterns of gelatin released from (b) ADA70-GEL30, (c) ADA60-GEL40, (d) ADA50-GEL50, (e) ADA40-GEL60 and (f) ADA30-GEL70.
Figure 5.
Assessment of NHDF viability and attachment on alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels.
FM images of NHDF adhered on (a,b) alginate, (c,d) ADA70-GEL30, (e,f) ADA60-GEL40, (g,h) ADA50-GEL50, (i,j) ADA40-GEL60, and (k,l) ADA30-GEL70 after 4 days (left column) and 7 days (right column) of incubation. The cells were stained for live cells (green) and nuclei (blue). Scale bar: 50 µm.
Figure 6.
Evaluation of mitochondrial activity of NHDF on ADA-GEL hydrogels compared to alginate.
Mitochondrial activity of NHDF on alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels of different compositions after 4 and 7 days of cultivation. Alginate was used as the control material for each cultivation period. Asterisks denote significant difference compared with alginate films in each cultivation period, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 (Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used).
Figure 7.
Quantification of cell number on ADA-GEL hydrogels compared to alginate by image analysis.
Number of NHDF on alginate and ADA-GEL hydrogels of different compositions after 4 days and 7 days of cultivation. Alginate was used as the control material. Asterisks denote significant difference compared with alginate films in each cultivation period, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 (Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used). Cells could not be counted due to the agglomeration of cells on alginate hydrogel after 7 days of cultivation.
Figure 8.
Morphological assessment of NHDF on hydrogels by analyzing F-actin pattern.
FM images of NHDF adhered on (a,b) alginate, (c,d) ADA70-GEL30, (e,f) ADA60-GEL40, (g,h) ADA50-GEL50, (i,j) ADA40-GEL60, and (k,l) ADA30-GEL70 after 4 days (left column) and 7 days (right column) of incubation. The cells were stained for F-actin (red) and nuclei (green). Scale bar: 50 µm.
Figure 9.
Morphological assessment of NHDF on hydrogels with SEM.
SEM images of NHDF adherent on (a,b) alginate, (c,d) ADA70-GEL30, (e,f) ADA60-GEL40, (g,h) ADA50-GEL50, (i,j) ADA40-GEL60, and (k,l) ADA30-GEL70 after 4 days (left column) and 7 days (right column) of incubation. Black arrows and white arrows indicate filopodia and microvilli of cells, respectively.