Figure 1.
Construction of the curvature map for a normal eye.
A, Bruch’s membrane was plotted in each of 12 radial OCT scans with the fovea at the center. Local curvature was measured from 3 sequential points (sampled at 500-µm intervals). The sine of curvature was defined as positive when the membrane was convex upward. B, The value of curvature was mapped using yellow (RGB(255, 255, 0)) to represent zero curvature (flat), green (gradient from RGB(255, 255, 0) to RGB(0, 192, 32) according to curvature [1/µm]) for positive curvature (convex-upward), and red (gradient from RGB(255, 255, 0) to RGB(255, 0, 0) according to curvature [1/µm]) for negative curvature (convex-downward). C, Color fundus photograph on which the topographic maps will be overlaid. D, Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) images are overlaid on the fundus photographs. E, Topographic maps are overlaid on the SLO images. F and G, SLO image transparency was increased for an accurate superimposition.
Figure 2.
Image of correspondence between fundus shape, curvature, and color.
A, An imaginary Bruch’s membrane line to exemplify the correspondence. The curvature of one point was measured using 3 sequential A-scans (500-µm apart) so that it represented local shape in the range of 1,000-µm (Local curvature). Five points are exemplified in this figure. B, Corresponding curvature [1/µm] and color image for each 5 point. Positive, negative, or zero value of the curvature κ represents upward concave, downward convex, or flat, respectively. The color of curvature map showed a gradient from green (RGB(0, 192, 32)) to yellow (RGB(255, 255, 0)) as a local curvature value changes from 0.0005 to 0.0, and a gradient from red (RGB(255, 0, 0)) to yellow (RGB(255, 255, 0)) as a local curvature value changes from −0.0005 to 0.0.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the included eyes according to complications.
Figure 3.
Representative color maps of highly myopic eyes.
A, Right eye from a 58-year-old woman with axial length of 29.01 mm. The staphyloma edge is depicted in green-yellow. B, Right eye of a 72-year-old woman with axial length of 28.37 mm. Upper and lower edges of the staphyloma can be visualized clearly. C, Right eye of a 38-year-old woman, with axial length of 26.38 mm. The yellow-dominant color map represents a relatively flat fundus. D, Right eye from a 65-year-old woman with axial length of 34.64 mm. The mosaic color pattern indicates an undulated fundus.
Figure 4.
Scatter plot assigning mean curvature to the horizontal axis and variance of curvature to the vertical axis.
A, All 182 highly myopic eyes are plotted. B, 33 eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) are highlighted. Most values localize to the lower segment of the splitting line at 0.00015 for mean curvature and 1×10−8 for variance of curvature. C, 17 eyes with severe chorioretinal atrophy (CRA) are highlighted. Most of these values localize to the higher segment of the splitting line. D, 33 eyes with retinoschisis (open circles) and 11 eyes with foveal retinal detachments (filled circles) are plotted. E, Eyes with and without staphylomas. The groups are easily separated into 2 groups by broken lines that indicate 0.000078 in mean curvature and 0.26×10−8 in curvature variance. One eye without a staphyloma had focal choroidal excavation (square).
Table 2.
Mean absolute curvature of eyes with each complication.
Table 3.
Mean variance of curvature for eyes with each complication.
Table 4.
Characteristics of the included eyes according to the presence of staphylomas.