Table 1.
Overview of the results from univariate testing of the effects of Condition (treadmill vs Lokomat exoskeleton), Speed (0.8, 1.8 and 2.8 km/h), and BWS (0 and 50% of body weight), and two-way interactions, on step phase durations.
Table 2.
Overview of the results from univariate testing of the effects of Condition (treadmill vs Lokomat exoskeleton), Speed (0.8, 1.8 and 2.8 km/h), and BWS (0 and 50% of body weight), and two-way interactions, on muscle activity during the phases of gait.
Figure 1.
The mean relative duration (+ standard deviations) of (A) the double support phase and (B) the single support phase, expressed as a percentage of the total gait cycle duration (DS1: first double support phase; SS: single support phase; DS2: second double support phase; SW: swing phase).
Figure 2.
EMG profiles and average muscle activity per gait phase for Erector Spinae and Gluteus Medius.
A: Time and amplitude normalized EMG profiles for Erector Spinae (ES) during walking in the Lokomat exoskeleton (solid lines) and during treadmill walking (dotted lines), at 0.8 km/h (top), 1.8 km/h (middle), and 2.8 km/h (bottom), at 0% (left column) and 50% body weight support (BWS; right column). EMG amplitude is expressed as a percentage of peak amplitude recorded over all conditions. B: Average level of ES activity in all walking conditions (see above for further explanation), for four subphases of the gait cycle (DS1: first double support phase; SS: single support phase; DS2: second double support phase; SW: swing phase). C: Time and amplitude normalized EMG profiles for Gluteus Medius (GM). D: Average level of GM activity for four subphases of the gait cycle.
Figure 3.
EMG profiles and average muscle activity per gait phase for Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis.
Time and amplitude normalized EMG profiles (left column) and the average level of muscle activity for four subphases of the gait cycle (right column) for Biceps Femoris (A+B) and Vastus Lateralis (C+D). See figure 2 for further details.
Figure 4.
EMG profiles and average muscle activity per gait phase for Gastrocnemius Medialis and Tibialis Anterior.
Time and amplitude normalized EMG profiles (left column) and the average level of muscle activity for four subphases of the gait cycle (right column) for Gastrocnemius Medialis (A+B) and Tibialis Anterior (C+D). See figure 2 for further details.