Figure 1.
Phenolic compounds biosynthesis [15]–[20] (KEGG, 2012).
In bold, enzymes identified in the support interval of QTLs. 4CL: 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; ANR: anthocyanidin reductase; ANS: anthocyanidin synthase; C3'H: p-coumarate 3′-hydroxylase; C4H: cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; CHI: chalcone isomerase; CHS: chalcone synthase; D2'GT: dihydrochalcone 2-O-glucosyltransferase; DFR: dihydroflavanol 4-reductase; F3'H: flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3'5'H: flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase; FHT: flavanone 3-β-hydroxylase; FLS: flavonol synthase; HCT: shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; HQT: quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; LAR: leucoanthocyanidin reductase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia lyase; UFGT: UDP-glucose 3-glucosyltransferase.
Table 1.
Properties of polymorphic SSR primers developed from ‘Golden Delicious’ genomic sequence for major candidate genes.
Table 2.
Broad sense genetic heritability of mean polymerization degree and phenolic compounds quantified in fruits harvested in 2008 (F08) and 2009 (F09) and in juices prepared in 2009 (J09) and 2010 (J10).
Table 3.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected in the apple X5210 and X8402 parental genetic maps by multiple QTL mapping (MQM) analysis and Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test for phenolic compounds and the mean polymerization degree of flavanols estimated in fruits harvested in 2008 and 2009 and in juices prepared in 2009 and 2010.
Table 4.
Selected candidate genes identified in the interval of 12 clusters of quantitative trait loci (QTL) using the BLAST2GO software.
Figure 2.
Main interesting clusters of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for phenolic compounds in fruit and juice.
Main QTL clusters obtained are represented with black bars on the right of the corresponding linkage groups (LG). Putative candidate genes identified in silico and their relative position on the map are specified on the left of the LG. Genetically mapped candidate genes are indicated on the right of the LG and underlined.