Figure 1.
Induction of rat acid reflux esophagitis, macroscopic, and histological findings.
(A) A scheme of a rat reflux esophagitis model. (B) Macroscopic appearance of a normal esophagus. (C) Histology of the normal esophagus revealed thin epithelium with few inflammatory cells. (D) Macroscopic appearance of reflux esophagitis showed several erosions and ulcers at the middle and lower esophagus. (E) Mucosal thickening with basal cell hyperplasia and marked inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in reflux esophagitis. (Hematoxylin-eosin staining, original magnification ×200).
Figure 2.
Polygraphic recordings used in this study.
(A) Polygraphic system including EEG, EMG, and LOC in a sound-proof recording gage. (B) Typical EEG, EMG, and LOC of wake, REM sleep, and NREM sleep. EEG, electroencephalograph; EMG, electromyography; LOC, locomotor; NREM, nonrapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement.
Figure 3.
Effect of reflux esophagitis on sleep.
(A) Typical EEG, EMG, and LOC of control and reflux esophagitis. (B) Effect of reflux esophagitis on the amount of each stage during the 12-h light period and 12-h dark period. (C) Time course analysis of each stage during a whole day. N = 8. Data are mean ± SEM. White bars and circles represented control rats. Black bars and circles represented reflux esophagitis rats. *p<0.05 versus control. **p<0.01 versus control. EEG, electroencephalograph; EMG, electromyography; LOC, locomotor; NREM, nonrapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement.
Figure 4.
Effect of reflux esophagitis on sleep fragmentation and stage transitions.
(A) Number of stage bouts in the 12-h light period. (B) Number of stage counts in the 12-h light period. (C) Duration of each sleep stage in the 12-h light period. (D) Stage transitions during the 12-h light period. NREM, non-rapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement. (E) Relative average EEG power density of NREM sleep between 10:00 a.m. and 12:00 a.m. The horizontal bars indicate statistical difference (p<0.05) between control and reflux esophagitis group. N = 8. Data are mean ± SEM. White bars represented control rats and black bars represented reflux esophagitis rats. *p<0.05 versus control. **p<0.01 versus control.
Table 1.
Effects of omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in rats.
Figure 5.
Effect of proton pump inhibitor on sleep disturbances in rats with reflux esophagitis.
(A) Typical polygraphic recordings of the on-PPI group and the post-PPI group. (B) Amount of each stage for the 3 groups (pre-PPI group, on-PPI group, and post-PPI group) in the 12-h light period. (C) Number of NREM sleep bouts for the 3 groups in the 12-h light period. (D) Duration of each stage for the 3 groups in the 12-h light period. (E) Stage transitions for the 3 groups during the 12-h light period. N = 7. Data are mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 versus before PPI group. **p<0.01 versus before PPI group.