Figure 1.
Schematic diagrams of the preparation of PSC.
ASB = aluminum sec-butoxide; CNT = calcium nitrate; TOES = tetraethyl orthosilicate; PSC = partial stabilized cement.
Figure 2.
XRD powder patterns of unhydrated cements and hydrated PSCs stored in D.I. water for 1, 3 and 7 day.
(A) the unhydrated of PSC-91, PSC-73, and PSC-55 after calcined at 1400°C for 2 h and unhydrated MTA; (B) the hydrated patterns of PSC-91; (C) the hydrated patterns of PSC-73; (D) the hydrated patterns of PSC-55. [★ C3A; C3S;
Bi2O3; ▪ Ca(OH)2; ▴ CSH; • C3AH6].
Figure 3.
SEM micrograph of the surface of specimens stored in simulated body fluid (SBF) various durations.
Soaked in SBF after 1 day: (A) PSC-91 (B) PSC-73 (C) PSC-55 (D) MTA; Soaked in SBF for 7 days: (E) PSC-91 (F) PSC-73 (G) PSC-55 (H) MTA
Figure 4.
The pH value and physical properties of all tested cements.
(A) pH values variation of all tested cements at various time intervals. (B) The initial and final setting times of PSC-91, PSC-73, PSC-55 and MTA. (C) Compressive strength of PSC with different C3S and CSA content and MTA at 4-h, 24-h and 168-h.
Figure 5.
(A) Cytotoxicity assessment of PSC-91, PSC-73, PSC-55 and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) by LDH assay according to ISO-10993 protocol standard. All tested cements on dental pulp cells were evaluated by LDH assay on 1day and 3 days. Each bar illustrated average absorbance (A490 nm) ± SD. No significant differences between PSC-91, PSC-73 and MTA (P>0.05); (B) Cell viability evaluation by WST-1 assay. Each bar illustrated average absorbance (A440 nm) ± SD.
Figure 6.
The evaluation of biomineralization in human dental pulp cells by Alizarin Red S staining.