Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of recovery subgroups.
Figure 1.
Time course of motor hand function in impaired (IR) and successful recovery (SR) subgroups.
Left panel shows the recovery of dexterity, as measured with the picking small objects (PSO) task. The right panel shows the recovery of grip force, as measured with hand dynamometry (HD). Motor performance (y-axis) is given in z-scores task compared to healthy controls (lower scores indicate worse motor performance). Dashed line indicate thresholds for z = −2.5 (p<.01).
Table 2.
Affected neuroanatomical areas in the lesion core of patient subgroups.
Figure 2.
Longitudinal CBF differences between three and nine months for patients with successful and impaired recovery.
A longitudinal decrease in supplementary motor area, paralimbic anterior cingulate cortex and superior precuneus is apparent in the SR group (panel A); whereas chronic sustained hypoperfusion in postcentral and supramarginal gyrus is found in the IR group (panel B). Maps are projected onto axial (z) and sagittal (x) slices of an average anatomical image of the complete patient cohort in neurological convention (L, left). The affected hemisphere is on the right side. Coordinates are given in MNI space (mm).
Table 3.
Longitudinal changes of CBF in patient subgroups between 3 and 9 months.
Figure 3.
Longitudinal changes in sensorimotor laterality index in patient subgroups and healthy controls.
Upper panel shows the set of regions-of-interest that defines the motor network. Only right hemispheric regions are shown for clarity. Lower panel shows sensorimotor laterality indices (LI) according to the defined network for patient subgroups and healthy controls at both examinations (for patients, Exam 1 denotes measurement at three months, Exam 2 nine months. For healthy controls, both examinations were one month apart). Positive values indicate contralesional lateralization. Note reversion of sensorimotor LI to lesioned hemisphere between examinations at 3 and 9 months for the successful recovered (SR) patients, whereas a persistent lateralization to the contralesional hemisphere is evident in impaired recovered (IR) patients. Healthy controls (HC) remain balanced. Bars indicate mean ±95% confidence intervals.