Figure 1.
Location of the study areas in Changbai Mountains Nature Reserve in Jilin province, Northeast China.
DEM (Digital elevation model) value ranges from 713 to 2681. Area A shown by the IKONOS image (False color image created by combining the blue band, green band, and red band) is on the northern slope. Area B shown by the WorldView-1 image is on the western slope. Red area represented the training and validation area. Blue area represented the test area which is used for the prediction of tree locations.
Figure 2.
Aerial photograph of the volcanic cone in the Changbai Mountains.
The photo was taken from the northern side on October 2010. Region A is on the northern slope. It can be seen that trees in the northern side gradually move upward to the high elevations. Region B is on the western side. It can be seen that tree line position in western side is relatively stable.
Figure 3.
Topographic variables of the northern side derived from the digital elevation model.
PRR represents potential relative radiation which sums daily values over the growing season. SPI represents snow potential index which indicates the snow accumulation in topography. LST represents the land surface temperature.
Figure 4.
Topographic variables of the western side derived from the digital elevation model.
PRR represents potential relative radiation which sums daily values over the growing season. SPI represents snow potential index which indicates the snow accumulation in topography. LST represents the land surface temperature.
Table 1.
Topographical indices used in this study.
Table 2.
Correlation matrix of Topographic indices of western northern side.
Table 3.
Classification accuracy of tree locations of IKONOS and WorldView-1 images.
Table 4.
Logistic regression models including the model parameters of the northern and the western sides.
Table 5.
Classification tables showing the predictive accuracies of the complete model.
Figure 5.
Classification and prediction maps of tree locations in the northern side.
(a) Classification result of IKONOS images in the northern side. Tree classification was shown in black. Non-tree classification was shown in grey. (b) Predicted tree locations in the training area, validation area, and the test area. Green indicates correctly predicted trees. Blue indicates areas where tree is predicted where in fact tree was not present; red indicates areas where no tree is predicted where in fact tree was present.
Figure 6.
Classification and prediction maps of tree locations in the western side.
(a) Classification result of WorldView-1 image in the western side. Tree classification was shown in black. Non-tree classification was shown in grey. (b) Predicted tree locations in the training area, validation area, and the test area. Green indicates correctly predicted trees. Blue indicates areas where tree is predicted where in fact tree was not present; red indicates areas where no tree is predicted where in fact tree was present.