Table 1.
The PCR reaction conditions and components for amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, laccase genes in endophytic Lophodermium isolates.
Figure 1.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences between Lophodermium isolates and their close members.
Potebniamyces pyri was used to root the tree. Branch-support values are indicated by numbers near branches.
Figure 2.
Representative Lophodermium isolates recovered from P. massoniana.
All isolates were grown on PDA in the dark at 25°C for one week.
Figure 3.
In vivo assay showing the relationship between percentage of mass lost and sampling stage in FE-mediated decomposition.
Figure 4.
In vitro decomposition ability of thirteen Lophodermium isolates.
“+”, “++” and “+++” indicate the cellulase activity from weak to strong. Similarly, “•,” “••” and “•••” indicate the laccase activity from weak to strong.
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic tree of the partial laccase amino-acid sequences of the Lophodermium isolates and their close relatives.
Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated at branch nodes.
Figure 6.
Phylogenetic tree of the partial cellobiohydrolase amino-acid sequences of the Lophodermium isolates and their close relatives.
Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated at branch nodes.
Figure 7.
Phylogenetic tree of the partial β-glucosidase amino-acid sequences of the Lophodermium isolates and their close relatives.
Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated at branch nodes.
Figure 8.
Gel electrophoresis of the amplified partial genes of β-glucosidase, laccase and cellobiohydrolase from Lophodermium isolates.
“M” indicates the size marker.
Figure 9.
Potential indicators for assessing FE-mediated decomposition.
A wide range of substrate-utilization patterns (ligninolytic enzymes) serves as a prerequisite for decomposition. The high colonization frequency reflects the large number of niches occupied by FEs. Antibiotic metabolites produced by FEs would confer a major ecological advantage in competition with other microbial groups. A rapid growth rate guarantees the persistence of mycelium on substrates (litter) for nutrition acquisition. Life cycles differ greatly among fungi. The role of FE life cycles in decomposition is not well known. Most often, FEs are sterile on artificial media, and their life cycles in litter are not well characterized.