Figure 1.
MS TIC chromatograms of roots (A), stems (B), leaves (C), and seeds (D) of P. tenuifolia by UPLC/Q-TOF MS in negative ion mode.
Figure 2.
Extracted ion chromatogram (A) and MS/MS spectra (B) of Onjisaponin TG.
Glc = β-D-glucopyranosyl; Fuc = β-D-fucopyranosyl; Xyl = β-D-xylopyranosyl; HMG = D 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-pentanoic acid ester.
Table 1.
Compounds identified in P. Tenuifolia by UPLC/Q-TOF MS.
Figure 3.
PCA scores plots derived from UPLC/Q-TOF MS data for extracts obtained from four different tissues (A); Permutation test with 200 permutations of PLS-DA model (B); PLS-DA loadings plot obtained from the metabolic profiles of four different tissues (C); Peak area intensity of triterpenoid saponins differences between the four tissue groups (D).
* The stems, leaves, and seeds group compared with the roots group, p<0.05.
Table 2.
VIP values of PCA and peak area intensity of tissue metabolites measured by UPLC/Q-TOF MS.
Figure 4.
Expression levels of candidate reference genes in the different tissues by qRT-PCR (A); Average expression stability values (M) of the candidate reference genes calculated by geNorm (B); Gene expression stability and ranking of reference genes as calculated by NormFinder (C).
Table 3.
Primer sequences for qRT-PCR.
Figure 5.
Expression pattern of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin backbone biosynthesis pathway in the different tissues of P. Tenuifolia by qRT-PCR (A); QRT-PCR analysis of CYP450s and UGTs in the different tissues of P. Tenuifolia (B).
* The stems, leaves, and seeds group compared with the roots group, p<0.05.
Table 4.
The correlation coefficient between the peak area intensity of triterpenoid saponins and genes expression.
Figure 6.
Putative triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway in P. tenuifolia.
Table 5.
CYP450s and UGTs involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis.