Figure 1.
Manufacture of freeze-dried allogenic mandibles.
Figure 2.
Preparation of the autologous grafts.
A: Bone marrow was aspirated from the posterior iliac crest. B: MSCs.
Figure 3.
A: Extraction of left mandibular teeth. B: Three months after extraction. C: Hemi-mandibular bone was removed to establish a hemi-mandibular defect. D: The shape and size of the allogenic mandibular scaffold was matched (The arrow indicate the allogenic mandibular scaffold). E: In the experimental group, the hemi-mandibular defect was reconstructed using allogenic mandibular scaffold-loaded MSCs. F: In the control group, hemi-mandibular defects were reconstructed using allogenic mandibular scaffolds only.
Figure 4.
Evaluation of the BMD of mandibles.
A: Evaluation of the BMD of control group mandible at 4 weeks after operation. The arrows indicate the pores still can be seen in the control group at this time. B:Evaluation of the BMD of experimental group mandible at 48 weeks after operation. The arrows indicate the pores were almost filled with new bone in the experimental group at this time.
Figure 5.
The shape of the mandibles was observed by gross inspection and three-dimensional CT reconstruction.
A: The shape of the mandibles as observed by three-dimensional CT reconstruction showed no resorption of the allogenic mandibular scaffolds in the control group at 48 weeks. The arrow indicate the pores still can be seen in the control group at this time. B: Resorption was observed in the experimental group at 48 weeks. The arrow indicate the resorption. C: The pores still can be seen in the control group at 48 weeks. The arrow indicate the pores still can be seen in the control group at this time. D: The pores were filled with new bone in the experimental group at 48 weeks. The arrow indicate the resorption.
Table 1.
The BMD of the experimental group and the control group (g/m2, x ± s).
Table 2.
Micro-architectural parameters of the experimental group and the control group (aggregate of all samples).
Figure 6.
A: Many inflammatory cells filled in the allogenic mandibular scaffold in the experimental group 4 weeks postoperatively. B: The pores were filled with fibrous tissue in the experimental group at 12 weeks after surgery. C: Most of the transplanted allogeneic bone was replaced by new bone (fibrous ossification) in the experimental group at 48weeks after the reconstruction. D: Allogeneic bone edges showed less absorption in the control group at 4 weeks after surgery. E: The pores could still be seen in the control group at 12 weeks after surgery. F: A small part of the allogenic bone graft was replaced by new bone in the control group at 48 weeks after reconstruction.(IC: inflammatory cell. Po: pore. FB: fibrous ossification. FT: fibrous tissue.)