Figure 1.
Photograph of the compact wavefront aberrometer attached to a flex holder arm.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of experimental setup.
ON, optic nerve; SC_L, lateral branch of the short ciliary nerve; SC_M, medial branch of the short ciliary nerve. CMOS1, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor for Shack-Hartmann spot image; CMOS2, CMOS image sensor for anterior eye (pupil) image.
Figure 3.
Color map diagram of Zernike polynomials up to the 4th order.
Astig 45, oblique astigmatism (45 deg); Astig 0, with-the-rule astigmatism (0 deg); Trefoil 0, vertical trefoil aberration (0 deg); Trefoil 30, oblique trefoil aberration (30 deg); Sphere, spherical aberration.
Figure 4.
Maximum amplitude of accommodation as a function of the frequency (A) or current (B) of the stimulus.
A: The frequency was varied and the current was fixed at 1 mA. B: The current was varied and the frequency was fixed at 40 Hz. One or 2 drops of phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled prior to the measurements. The maximum amplitude of accommodation is the average of four eyes of four cats (Cat #2, #4, #6, #7). Error bars indicates standard deviations. Monophasic square pulses at a fixed pulse width of 0.5 ms were applied to the lateral, medial, or both branches of the short ciliary nerve.
Table 1.
Maximum accommodative response.
Figure 5.
Effect of current and stimulus duration on accommodative responses.
A: Typical accommodative responses (Cat #1). Trains of monophasic square pulses of different currents were applied to the lateral branch of the short ciliary nerve. The pulse width and frequency were fixed at 0.5 ms and 40 Hz respectively. B: Efffect of continuous stimulation. A current of 1 mA, frequency of 20 Hz, and duration of pulse train of 75 sec were applied. Shaded areas: Time stimulation was applied.
Figure 6.
Changes in the velocity of accommodation as a function of maximum accommodation.
Stimulus was applied to the lateral or medial or both branches of the ciliary nerve. The data from all seven cats are plotted. Correlations between the velocity of accommodation and maximum accommodation made by Pearson’s correlation (r = 0.839, P<0.001).
Figure 7.
Pupillary images before and after electrical stimulation of the ciliary nerve (Cat #2 right eye).
A: Before stimulation. B: Maximum dilation when the lateral branch of the short ciliary nerve was stimulated. C: Maximum dilation when medial branch was stimulated. D: Maximum dilation when both side of branch was simultaneously stimulated. Solid line: Detected contour of the pupil. X: The center of the pupil that is represented as the center of gravity that was calculated from contour data.
Figure 8.
Time course of the changes in the pupillary response to electrical stimulation of one or both branches of the short ciliary nerve (Cat #2).
A: Horizontal movement of the center of the pupil. The direction of medial side is represented by positive x-axis, the lateral side is represented by negative x-axis. B: Vertical movement of the center of the pupil. The superior direction is represented by upward dilation, and the inferior direction is represented by downward dilation. C: Changing of the pupil size calculated from the detected contour data. Shaded areas: Stimulation (the pulse train was continuously applied).
Figure 9.
The time course of the changes in the Zernike coefficients and accommodative changes.
(Cat #1) S. E.: Spherical Equivalent of refractive change, C: Cylindrical value. All data are the values of the change from the initial state. Shaded areas: Stimulation (the pulse train is continuously applied). The current of 1 mA, the frequency of 40 Hz, the duration of pulse train of 8 seconds were applied to the lateral branch of the short ciliary nerve.
Figure 10.
The average change of Zernike coefficients among the seven cats.
Error bars represent the standard deviations. A current of 1 mA, frequency of 40 Hz, and duration of pulse train of 8 seconds were applied. Comparisons between the two cases (lateral or medial branch of short ciliary nerve stimulation) were made by Student’s t tests. The level of statistical significance was set as P<0.05. (*: P<0.05).