Figure 1.
Partial ML tree showing outgroups and interrelationship among species of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (−) are not shown. Numbers below branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the BI analysis. Posterior probabilities values below 0.95 (−) or when the nodes were not obtained by B analyses are not shown.
Figure 2.
Partial ML tree showing interrelationship among species of the subfamily Neoplecostominae.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (−) are not shown. Numbers below branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the BI analysis. Posterior probabilities values below 0.95 (−) or when the nodes were not obtained by B analyses are not shown.
Figure 3.
Partial ML tree showing interrelationship among species of the subfamily Otothyrinae.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (−) are not shown. Numbers below branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the BI analysis. Posterior probabilities values below 0.95 (−) or when the nodes were not obtained by B analyses are not shown.
Figure 4.
Partial ML tree showing the interrelationship among species of the subfamily Otothyrinae.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates obtained from ML analysis. Bootstrap values below 50% (−) are not shown. Numbers below branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the BI analysis. Posterior probabilities values below 0.95 (−) or when the nodes were not obtained by B analyses are not shown.
Figure 5.
Time-calibrated phylogeny for Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae and Otothyrinae.
Tree topology from BEAST analysis of 155 specimens representing 113 loricariid species. Divergence ages calibrated by origins of Siluriformes (120 Mya) and Callichthyidae (55 Mya). Regions: A, Atlantic Coastal Drainages (Green); B, Upper Paraná Basin (Red); C, Paraguay, Lower Paraná and Uruguay Basins (Purple); D, Amazon and Orinoco Basins (Blue); E, São Francisco Basin and Northeastern Drainages (Yellow).
Figure 6.
Partial time-calibrated tree from BEAST analysis, showing divergence ages for taxa in Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae.
The curve below the phylogeny represented sea levels with the marine transgressions (MT), modified from Zachos et al. [124] and Miller et al. [125].
Figure 7.
Partial time-calibrated tree from BEAST analysis, showing divergence ages for taxa in Otothyrinae.
Figure 8.
Geographic distribution and phylogeny of major clades of Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae in tropical South America.
Terminal taxa may represent species or monophyletic higher taxa (see figs. 1–2 for all taxa). Numbers in parentheses after each taxon name are number of taxa sampled for each lineage. Regions: A, Coastal Drainages (Green); B, Upper Paraná Basin (Red); C, Paraguay, Lower Paraná and Uruguay Basins (Purple); D, Amazon and Orinoco Basins (Blue); E, São Francisco Basin and Northeastern Drainages (Yellow).
Figure 9.
Geographic distribution and phylogeny of major clades of Otothyrinae in tropical South America.
Terminal taxa may represent species or monophyletic higher taxa (see figs. 1–2 for all taxa). Numbers in parentheses after each taxon name are number of taxa sampled for each lineage. Regions: A, Coastal Drainages (Green); B, Upper Paraná Basin (Red); C, Paraguay, Lower Paraná and Uruguay Basins (Purple); D, Amazon and Orinoco Basins (Blue); E, São Francisco Basin and Northeastern Drainages (Yellow).