Figure 1.
Speed-dependent temporal gait variability.
Boxplots with median, sample minimum and maximum, lower and upper quartile for DBN patients (gray) and HS (black) * indicates p<0.05 of the two-way ANOVA (factor “group”: DBN, HS; factor “speed condition” slow, preferred, maximally fast speed) with posthoc Bonferroni posthoc analysis of the interaction effect “group×condition”. Abbreviations: HS - healthy subjects. DBN - downbeat nystagmus syndrome.
Table 1.
Results of the two-way ANOVA model (DBN vs. HS).
Figure 2.
Effect of absent visual control on gait variables in DBN and HS.
Box plots of the individual Variation Rates with median, sample minimum and maximum, lower and upper quartile for healthy subjects (grey) and patients with DBN (black). Gait variables were grouped in spatial (A), temporal (B), and variability (C) gait parameters. Conventional spatiotemporal gait parameters were worse in patients with DBN under walking with closed eyes, indicating a higher stabilizing effect of vision on balance control, despite the ocular oscillations in DBN. Note the scale enlargement in the section C of the figure. * indicates p<0.050, ** indicates p<0.010, *** indicates p<0.001 of the two-way ANOVA (factor “group”: HS, DBN; factor “condition”: eyes opened, eyes closed) with Bonferroni posthoc analysis of the interaction effect “group×condition” Abbreviations: HS - healthy subjects. DBN - downbeat nystagmus syndrome. EO - eyes opened. EC - eyes closed.
Table 2.
Relative gait changes during walking with eyes opened and eyes closed.
Figure 3.
Speed-dependent temporal gait variability of the DBN subgroups.
Boxplots with median, sample minimum and maximum, lower and upper quartile for patients with pure DBN (gray), patients with DBN plus BVF (black), patients with DBN plus PNP (gray with black dots) and patients with DBN plus limb ataxia (gray with black squares). * indicates p<0.050, ** indicates p<0.010, *** indicates p<0.001 of the two-way ANOVA (factor “group”: pure DBN, DBN plus BVF, DBN plus PNP, DBNCA; factor “condition”: slow, preferred, maximally fast speed) with Bonferroni posthoc analysis of the interaction effect “group×condition” Abbreviations: DBN - downbeat nystagmus syndrome. BVF - bilateral vestibular failure. PNP - peripheral sensory neuropathy.
Table 3.
Results of the two-way ANOVA model (DBN subgroups).