Figure 1.
Schistometopum thomense collection localities, São Tomé, Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe.
Numbers in parentheses indicate number of specimens available for genetic analyses. Legend indicates specimens used in Splits Tree, Bayesian, SAMOVA, and/or IMa2 analyses, or discussed by Nussbaum and Pfrender [36] in morphological comparisons. Dashed, red ovals indicate populations lumped for SAMOVA analyses. Photographs show examples of clear and flecked morphs as Schistometopum thomense and Schistometopum “ephele”, respectively. Red star in lower left panel indicates relative position of São Tomé to continental Africa.
Figure 2.
Genetic and geographic relationships of ND4 haplotypes.
A) Bayesian Phylogram (K80+G, 50% Majority-Rule Consensus Tree), with Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (PP) indicated above branches: Color-coding depicts groups “Admixed”, “North”, “West”, “South” and “Central+East” delineated by SAMOVA analysis. B) Genetic Map by Group displays relative size (nindividuals) and haplotype composition of population samples within each group (each pie slice represents one haplotype); bicolored pie charts and gray text indicate admixed populations. C) SplitsTree Neighbor-Net illustrates relative distance between haplotype groups based on uncorrected pairwise genetic distance. Each line represents the connection between two haplotypes with the thicker lines representing many connections.
Figure 3.
Mismatch of ND4 haplotypes within population of Java.
Characteristic bimodal distribution of haplotype relationships within admixed populations.
Figure 4.
SAMOVA results illustrating variance in ND4 haplotype diversity attributable to S. thomense group structure (φCT).
φCT – 16 illustrates results for initial SAMOVA dataset, in which admixed populations are not split according to haplotype lineage: k = 5 groups explain almost all variation (North, West, Central+East, South, and Admixed). φCT – 20 illustrates results for second SAMOVA dataset, in which admixed populations are split according to haplotype lineage: k = 4 groups explain almost all variation (North, West, Central+East, and South).
Table 1.
Haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) ± standard error for four genetic groups of Schistometopum thomense identified from 20 sampling sites on the island of São Tomé.
Figure 5.
Color categorization of specimens based on Nussbaum and Pfrender's [36] ventral color descriptions.
A) By haplotype group, and B) By collection locality. Numbers above bars are sample sizes (ntotal = 138). N = North, C+E = Central+East, W = West, S = South, and Admixed = admixed populations containing haplotypes in both the Northern and Central+Eastern genetic groups.
Figure 6.
Distribution of haplotype groups in relation to island volcanism.
Geologic data borrowed from Figure 1 of Caldeira et al. [21].
Table 2.
Regression coefficients (odds ratios) and 95% confidence limits from top AICc-ranked model returned by multinomial logistic regression of dorsal color on genetic group, latitude, altitude and geology.