Figure 1.
Overview of the study region and example site for illustration of the used landscape metrics.
(A) Study region with all sampled sites (red dots). (B) Example site where the black patch in the middle is the sampled calcareous grassland, red patches are calcareous grasslands in the surrounding landscape, green patches are other semi-natural habitats and blue lines are borders between different land-use patches. The Connectivity Index takes area and distance of red patches to the black patch (sampled site) into account. Landscape composition is the percentage of semi-natural habitats (all green and red patches). Landscape configuration is the number of patches (blue lines) in the landscape (patch density).
Figure 2.
Overview of tested bee-traits.
Number of species (Sp.) and of individuals (Ind.) are given for each group and factors that significantly affect them (+ and − indicate the relation of the effects).
Figure 3.
Factors affecting total wild bee richness.
Relationship between patch density (A), habitat slope (B) and habitat area (C) and total wild bee richness. Regression lines: (A) y = 0.29x+39.20, (B) y = 0.41x+44.47, (C) y = 3.69x+48.89.
Table 1.
Results of general linear models.
Figure 4.
Local and landscape factors affecting different bee traits.
Effects of patch density (A) and habitat area (B) on nest-building and cuckoo bees. Effects of habitat slope (C) and habitat area (D) on habitat specialists and generalists. Effects of percentage semi-natural habitat (E) and habitat area (F) on small and large social generalists. Regression lines of significant relationships: (A) Nest-building bees: y = 0.16x+33.15; Cuckoo bees: y = 0.13x+6.37; (B) Nest-building bees: y = 4.66x+38.35; Cuckoo bees: y = 3.70x+10.62; (C) Habitat specialists: y = 0.25x+5.11; (D) Habitat specialists: y = 4.03x+8.02; (E) Large social: y = 11.32x+3.73; (F) Small social: y = 1,14x+4,82.
Figure 5.
Effects of connectivity on wild bee abundance.
Effects of connectivity on nest-building bees and cuckoo bees (A) and on habitat specialists and generalists (B). Regression lines: (A) y = −0,11x+156,67; (B) y = −0,11x+134,84.