Figure 1.
Volume-rendered image provides an overview of coronary venous anatomy.
It clearly depicts the coronary sinus (CS), posterior interventricular vein (PIV), posterior vein of the left ventricle (PVLV), left marginal vein (LMV), and small cardiac vein (SCV). Also notes the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX).
Figure 2.
Measurement of the diameter of the coronary sinus (CS).
Multiplanar reformatting is used to determine the diameter of the ostium in the anteroposterior(A) and supero-inferior (B)position.
Figure 3.
Measurement of the distance and angle between the tributaries and coronary sinus (CS).
A. the distance from the ostium to tributaries B, the angle between the tributaries and CS.
Table 1.
Quantitative measurement of cardiac veins.
Figure 4.
Volume-rendered images show the relationship between the coronary sinus (CS) and mitral valve annulus (MVA).
A. the CS is located along the MVA. B. the CS is located above the level of the MVA.; LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle.
Figure 5.
Volume-rendered images show the relationship between the coronary sinus (CS) and the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX).
A. LCX courses between the CS and the mitral valve annulus (MVA), with a potential risk of compression of the LCX when percutaneous mitral annuloplasty (PMA) is applied. B. LCX courses superiorly to the CS.
Figure 6.
Volume-rendered images show the relationship between anterior interventricular vein (AIV) and left anterior descending artery (LAD).
A. AIV is concomitant with LAD, and AIV crosses two diagonals with the vein medial to the diagonals (between epicardium and arteries). B. AIV crosses LAD, and the vein is lateral to and therefore overlying the LAD.
Figure 7.
Volume-rendered image shows the relationship between posterior vein of the left ventricle (PVLV), left marginal vein (LMV) and circumflex or circumflex marginal.
The LMV and PVLV cross the circumflex or circumflex marginal.
Figure 8.
Volume-rendered images show the relationship between posterior interventricular vein (PIV) and posterior descending artery (PDA).
A. PIV is concomitant with PDA. B. PIV crosses PDA with the vein medial to the PDA.
Figure 9.
A case with no target veins for Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
Volume-rendered image shows the presence of multiple thin and short posterior cardiac veins representing a contraindicated site for CRT leads placement.
Figure 10.
Volume-rendered image shows the spatial relationship of the coronary sinus (CS) and left atrial wall.
In this patient, the CS lies on the left atrial wall for almost its entire course and part of the CS is not visualized because of the compression of left atrial wall, which may limit the use of Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty (PMA).
Figure 11.
Volume-rendered image shows the spatial relationship of the coronary sinus (CS) and left circumflex artery (LCX).
The LCX is interlaced with the CS over a long distance. This close relationship may limit the use of Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty (PMA).