Figure 1.
Stages of land connectivity relating to mammal colonization of Scandinavia.
Based on reconstructions in Björck [30], [31]; see text for detail. Dates in ka BP, defined as thousand years before AD 1950, calibrated using IntCal04 and IntCal09 curves [32], [33]. Fennoscandian ice sheet - light gray, land - green, open water - light blue, modern coastline - black outline. a: Deglaciation of Scandinavian peninsula, until 13.1 ka BP (with dotted lines showing successive positions of ice sheet edge during late glacial retreat); b: First land bridge, 13.1-12.7 ka BP; c: Younger Dryas glacial re-advance and re-opening of Øresund channel, 12.7-12.1 ka BP; d: Second land bridge, 12.1-10.3 ka BP; e: Separation of Scandinavian peninsula by Dana River and then formation of Baltic Sea, 10.3-9.2 ka BP.
Figure 2.
Field vole mitochondrial cytochrome b genealogy.
Maximum clade credibility tree from Bayesian coalescent modelling with 441 sequences, clade support from posterior probability of node. Clades collapsed for clarity and gray bars show 95% highest posterior density intervals for tMRCA of each lineage.
Figure 3.
Geographical locations of samples from each clade.
Closely adjacent localities assigned to same map location.
Table 1.
Genetic variation in the six mitochondrial lineages.
Table 2.
Times to most recent common mitochondrial ancestor (tMRCAs).
Figure 4.
Bayesian skyline plots showing effective female population size.
Effective female population size (Nef), in thousands, multiplied by mean generation time (T), in years. Heavy line is median and lighter lines are 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits. Nef x T plotted on log scale for clarity and truncated to median estimate of tMRCA.