Figure 1.
Geographic locations of Qiangic and other referenced East Asian populations in this study.
(a). Geographic location of WSC and distributions of the East Asian populations used in data analysis; (b). Detailed geographic location of studied Qiangic speaking populations. The number of individual sampled in each population is enclosed in parentheses.
Figure 2.
Y chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of studied Qiangic populations.
(a). Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies of the four Qiangic populations; (b). mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of the four Qiangic populations.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic relationship between Qiangic and reference populations analyzed by PCA with the frequencies of haplogroups.
(a). PCA plot based on Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies of 51 populations; (b). PCA plot based on mtDNA haplogroups frequencies of 72 populations.
Figure 4.
Reduced Median joining network of Y chromosome haplogroups.
Reduced Median-joining network based on six Y-STR data (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) of haplogroup D1-M15, D3a-P47, O3a2c1*-M134, and O3a2c1a-M117.
Table 1.
Estimates of the coalescence time of selected Y chromosome haplogroups within Qiangic populations using Batwing.
Table 2.
Molecular diversity indices and growth summary statistics for Qiangic populations.
Figure 5.
Reduced Median-joining network based on the HVRI data of mtDNA.
Table 3.
Estimates of the coalescence time of selected mtDNA haplogroups inferred from the ρ statistic within Qiangic populations.
Table 4.
Growth summary statistics and frequency spectrum tests for deviation from neutrality.