Table 1.
Distinctive structural and demographic features of Hawaiian forests.
Figure 1.
Contour map of the two 4-ha forest plots on Hawai‘i Island.
Pālamanui site in west Hawai‘i is lowland dry forest (LDF; left panel showing the dominant canopy tree Diospyros sandwicensis and the open canopy and understory structure of small trees and shrubs); Laupāhoehoe plot in east Hawai‘i is montane wet forest (MWF; right panel showing Metrosideros polymorpha tree and Cibotium spp. tree fern understory).
Table 2.
Diversity and forest structure characteristics of plots in the Center of Tropical Forest Science global plot network, including the Hawaiian plots, arranged in order of descending species richness.
Figure 2.
Life form distribution of stems and biomass by diameter size intervals.
In (A) Hawaiian montane wet forest (MWF) and (B) lowland dry forest (LDF), stems represent the number of main stems (i.e., one per individual, not including other multiple stems). In (C) MWF and (D) (LDF), biomass calculations were made for all stems (including multiple stemmed individuals). Diameter classes are 1–4.99 cm, 5 - <9.99 cm, 10–29.99 cm, 30–59.99 cm, 60–99.99 cm, and ≥100 cm.
Table 3.
Statistics on abundance, basal area, and frequency of the species in the Laupāhoehoe (montane wet forest) plot, with data displayed on an absolute and a relative basis.
Table 4.
Statistics on abundance, basal area, and frequency of the species in the Pālamanui (lowland dry forest) plot, with data displayed on an absolute and a relative basis.
Table 5.
Aboveground biomass listed by species for the two Hawai‘i forest plots; species abbreviations as in Table S2 in File S2.
Figure 3.
Species number is shown cumulatively, as additional 20 m×20 m quadrats are sampled, until the entire 4-ha plot is represented (100 quadrats), for Hawaiian montane wet forest (MWF) and lowland dry forest (LDF). Three rarefaction techniques are used: Sobs (observed species number), Chao 1, and MM (Michaelis-Menten).
Figure 4.
Fisher's alpha, Shannon index, and Simpson index for the Hawaiian montane wet forest (MWF) and lowland dry forest (LDF). Each 20×20 m subplot is shown, with the values being cumulative and number above each line representing the entire plot area (4-ha). Values are the diversity index and standard deviation, as estimated by the program EstimateS.
Figure 5.
Invasive species cover distribution.
Map showing percent cover and locations of invasive species in the MWF. Each grid square represents one 5×5-m subquadrat white: absent, light grey: present to <5%, medium grey: 5–25%, dark grey: 25–50%, black: >50% cover).
Figure 6.
Map showing percent cover and locations of invasive species in the LDF.
Each grid square represents one 5×5-m subquadrat (white: absent, light grey: present to <5%, medium grey: 5–25%, dark grey: 25–50%, black: >50% cover).
Figure 7.
Combined invasive species cover.
In each 5×5 m subquadrat a cover score from 0–4 was given based on cover classes (see Methods). The y axis represents the average cover class across the 400 subquadrats, separated by life form: grasses, herbaceous, or woody (shrubs and trees). The combined cover represents the species shown in Figure 5.
Figure 8.
Comparisons of species richness and stem density across a series of CTFS plots.
Black bars represent continents and open bars represent islands. Abbreviations as in Table 2. Data from Losos and Leigh, Jr. (2004) and www.ctfs.si.edu.
Figure 9.
A reverse-cumulative distribution of basal area by size class.
Size classes are: ≥1 cm, ≥10 cm, ≥30 cm, and ≥60 cm. Data shown for the Hawaiian montane wet forest (LAU) and lowland dry forest (PLN) (top row) and for selected other CTFS plots. Tree ferns (found only at LAU) are symbolized by the gray bars. Island sites are open bars and continental sites are filled bars. Abbreviations as Table 2. Data from Losos and Leigh, Jr. (2004) and www.ctfs.si.edu.