Figure 1.
Partial cranium TM 17-97-001, holotype of Nyanzachoerus khinzir nov. sp.
A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, nuchal view; D, occlusal view of left P3-M3. Scale bars equal 10 cm (A–C) and 5 cm (D).
Figure 2.
Crania of Nyanzachoerus khinzir nov. sp.
A–C, male partial cranium TM 90-99-046 in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and rostral (C) views; D–E, ventral view of female partial cranium TM 308-01-001 in ventral (D) and lateral (E) view; F–G, male partial cranium TM 14-98-001 in dorsal (F) and lateral (G) views; H, rostral portion of palate TM 39-97-002, ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 cm (A–G) and 5 cm (H).
Figure 3.
Mandibles of Nyanzachoerus khinzir nov. sp.
A–C, male mandible TM 100-00-013 in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and occlusal view of right p2-m3 (C); D–F, female mandible TM 233-08-001 in dorsal (D), lateral (E), and occlusal view of right p2-m3 (F). Scale bars equal 10 cm (A–B, D–E) and 2 cm (C, F).
Table 1.
Cranial measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Figure 4.
Mandibular height according to sex in species of Nyanzachoerus.
Md2, mandibular corpus height, in mm; arrow, holotype of Ny. syrticus (V. 2004) from Sahabi.
Table 2.
Mandibular measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Table 3.
P1 and P2 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Table 4.
p1 and p2 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Table 5.
P3 and P4 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Table 6.
p3 and p4 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Figure 5.
Third molars of Nyanzachoerus khinzir nov. sp and Ny. cf. khinzir.
A–I, upper molars (Ny. khinzir: A, TM 92-01-038; B, TM 266-03-293; C, TM 266-11-028; D, TM 92-01-039; E, TM 9-01-527; F, TM 9-01-528; G, TM 9-01-039; H, TM 9-01-017; Ny. cf. khinzir: I, TM 9-01-019); J–R, lower molars (Ny. khinzir: J, TM 340-02-001; K, TM 254-01-001; L, TM 9-01-411; M, TM 244-01-002; N, TM 171-01-031; O, TM 39-99-003; P, TM 9-01-021; Q, TM 195-01-022; R, TM 254-04-003); *, specimens from anthracotheriid-rich sites (others are from anthracotheriid-depleted sites). Complexity scores are indicated for each tooth. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
Figure 6.
Distribution of third molar complexity scores in species of Nyanzachoerus.
A, Potamochoerus porcus (extant comparative data); B, P. larvatus (extant comparative data); C, Ny. devauxi; D, Ny. tulotos, with grey bars for Lower Nawata specimens; E, Ny. khinzir nov. sp., with grey bar for TM 9-01-019 (Ny. cf. khinzir) and arrows indicating the position of the single m3 of Ny. syrticus and of a single M3 attributed to Ny. cf. syrticus by Cooke [31]; F, Ny. cf. australis from TM; G, Ny. australis; H, Ny. kanamensis. Left column, M3 CS; right column, m3 CS; , mean; n, specimen number.
Figure 7.
Mandibular and dental proportions in Nyanzachoerus.
A, plot of 100*(width of M3/length of M3) vs. 100*(width of P3 + width of P4)/(length of M3); B, plot of 100*(width of m1/length of m3) vs. length of m3 in mm; C, plot of 100*(width of m3/length of m3) vs. 100*(length of p4/length of m3); D, plot of length of lower molar row (Md4, in mm) vs. 100*(length of lower premolar row/length of lower molar row).
Table 7.
M3 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Table 8.
m3 measurements (min.-max. in mm; mean; standard deviation; N) in Nyanzachoerus.
Figure 8.
δ13C values (in ‰) for Nyanzachoerus from TM and from the Turkana Basin.
TM data are from TM 266 and TM 267. Extant comparative data (Potamochoerus) are from [51]. Data for eastern African Nyanzachoerus are from [51], [59], [60].
Figure 9.
Geographical and temporal distribution of the main sites and species of Nyanzachoerus compared with Ny. khinzir nov. sp.
Abbreviated sites are: TM, Toros-Ménalla; south TM, south Toros-Ménalla; KB, Kossom Bougoudi; Kus., Kuseralee Member of the Sagantole Formation; Lower Naw., Lower Member of the Nawata Formation; Upper Naw., Upper Member of the Nawata Formation; Ibole, Ibole Member of the Wembere-Manonga Formation. Vertical bars represent site temporal range: light tone, biochronologically dated ranges; dark tone, geochronologically dated ranges; discontinuous outline, uncertain ranges. Biochronological range for TM is from [19], geochronological ranges for TM and Kossom Bougoudi are from [29].