Figure 1.
Sketch of the study sites showing the representation and distribution of each landscape element.
Sites are organized from left to right and from top to bottom in increasing order of the representation (%) of buildings at the 10-ha scale (see grid in the first site). The representation of each landscape element at the 100-ha scale is shown in parentheses. Buildings (Bu, pink), woodlands (Wo, dark green), fields (Fi, light green), bare lands (Ba, yellow), and water (Wa, blue).
Figure 2.
Linear regression between % urbanization (independent variable) and mean parasite richness per host (dependent variable) at the (A) 10-ha and (B) 100-ha scales.
Figure 3.
Relationship between environmental heterogeneity (H') and mean parasite richness at the (A) 10-ha and (B) 100-ha scales.
Figure 4.
The influence of urbanization on the NMDS community ordination at the (a) 10-ha (stress = 0.1536) and (b) 100-ha (stress = 0.1544) scales.
Table 1.
Average pair-wise dissimilarity between samples (sites; AD), per cent contribution (%), and cumulative per cent contribution (C%) of each helminth species to the overall pattern of similarity of component communities, landscape predictors (buildings, woodlands, fields, bare lands, and water) of species abundances at the 10 and 100 ha scales, parasite life cycle, and infection mode.