Figure 1.
Phylogenetic relationships of Tainia s.l. among the main lineages.
The cladogram on the left side represents a strict consensus tree based on morphological characters (see Fig. 4), the cladogram on the right side is the strict consensus tree of 3 most parsimonious trees resulting from the analyses of a combined dataset (ITS and trnL intron). Clades A and B indicate two main branches of Tainia s.l. A1, core Tainia clade. A2, Collabium clade. B, Ania clade. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap values and posterior probabilities where support was ≥50 or BPP≥0.5. Numbers after a name differentiate multiple individuals sampled from one species. The delimitations for Ania and core Tainia are indicated by colored branches. Chromosome numbers are given for selected species.
Figure 2.
Representative LM photos of pollinarium types.
A–E, pollinia differing in shapes or in sizes, and usually with two pairs of caudicles of unequal length; F–I, pollinia equal or subequal in shapes and sizes, with simillar caudicles: A, Tainia angustifolia (treated as Ania angustifolia); B, T. hongkongensis (treated as A. hongkongensis); C, T. penangiana (treated as A. penangiana); D, T. ruybarrettoi (treated as A. ruybarrettoi); E, T. viridifusca (treated as A. viridifusca); F, T. macrantha; G, T. dunnii; H, T. minor (pickled); I, T. latifolia. – Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–E, G–I), 1 mm (F).
Figure 3.
Representative SEM micrographs of pollen, showing variation in exine sculpture.
A–G, laevigate or foveolate surface with seams; H–K, laevigate or foveolate surface without seams. A–B, Tainia hongkongensis (treated as Ania hongkongensis); C–D, T. penangiana (treated as Ania penangiana); E, T. viridifusca (treated as Ania viridifusca); F, T. angustifolia (treated as Ania angustifolia); G, T. ruybarrettoi (treated as Ania ruybarrettoi); H, T. dunnii; I, T. latifolia; J, T. cordifolia; K, Nephelaphyllum pulchrum; L, Collabium chinense. Arrows indicate seams. – Scale bars: 10 µm (A, C, I, J, K), 5 µm (H, L), 2 µm (B, D–G).
Figure 4.
Strict consensus tree of 12 trees from parsimony analysis based on 50 morphological data (see Table S2) to show the placement of Ania and taxonomic sections of Tainia.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap support (BS) values (>50%, 1000 replicates). A species previously classified under Ania is highlighted in gray as questionably placed. Highlighted branches are referred to in the text. Species included in the present molecular analyses are indicated with an asterisk.
Figure 5.
Micrograph of metaphase chromosomes in selected species of Tainia s.l.
A, T. penangiana (treated as Ania penangiana); B, T. hongkongensis (treated as Ania hongkongensi); C, T. ruybarrettoi (treated as Ania ruybarrettoi); D, T. latifolia; E, T. dunnii (sampled from Guangdong); F, T. dunnii (sampled from Hainan). Arrows indicate B-chromosomes. – Scale bars = 10 µm.
Figure 6.
Tepal diversity of Tainia s.l.
Left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal. A–C, Lateral sepals distinctly widened below the middle, widest at base, tapered to apex, more or less triangular or distinctly triangular, caudate-acuminate, petal broader than lateral sepal; D, Lateral sepal widest near middle, oblong-ovate, not or only slightly widened at base, not triangular, petal narrower than lateral sepal. A, Tainia speciosa; B, T. latifolia; C, T. macrantha; D, T. ruybarrettoi (treated as Ania borneensis).
Figure 7.
Column diversity of Tainia s.l.
A–B, column porrect or slightly arcuate, stout (7–9 mm), with column wings present over total length, column-foot absent or indistinct, not more than 1.5 mm; C, column arcuate and stubby (3.5–6 mm), not more than 6 mm, distinctly arcuate, with column wings present only at the apex, column-foot around 1 mm; D, column distinctly arcuate, slender (7–9 mm), with column wings present only at the apex, column-foot 1.5–2 mm; E, column porrect and stout (10–11 mm), with column wings present over total length, column-foot long and prominent, c. 15 mm. A, Tainia angustifolia (treated as Ania angustifolia); B, T. hongkongensis (treated as Ania hongkongensis); C, T. vegetissima; D, T. latifolia; E, T. macrantha.