Figure 1.
PBPK model of the kinetics of BaP and 3-OHBaP in humans.
Table 1.
Rat-to-human extrapolated key parameter values in the PBPK and toxicokinetic modelsa.
Figure 2.
Single compartment model of the kinetics of BaP and 3-OHBaP in humans.
Table 2.
Human model parameters and sensitivity results.
Figure 3.
Model simulations of data from an artificial shooting target factory.
Comparison of model simulations (lines) with observed data on the time courses of 3-OHBaP in the urine of subjects exposed to PAHs in an artificial shooting target factory (triangles - left-axis). The light gray bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP inhalation exposure scenarios (concentration and time), the white bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP dermal exposure scenarios (concentration and time) while the black bars (right-axis) show the measured inhalation exposure scenarios (measured air concentration (ng/m3 converted to fmol/mL) and documented time-of-shift; see also Table 3). The black solid lines represent PBPK model simulation considering an exposure by the dermal route solely while the dark gray solid lines represent a simulated inhalation. The black dotted lines represent toxicokinetic model simulation considering a dermal exposure solely while the dark gray dotted lines represent a simulated exposure by inhalation. All inhalation concentrations measured in ng/m3 were expressed in nmol/m3 and converted to fmol/mL (multiplied by 103 so that all the scenarios could be graphically represented on the same figure for comparison).
Figure 4.
Model simulations of data from a carbon disk brake production factory.
Comparison of model simulations (lines) with observed data on the time courses of 3-OHBaP in the urine of workers exposed to PAHs in a carbon disk brake production plant (triangles - left-axis). The light gray bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP inhalation exposure scenarios (concentration and time), the white bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP dermal exposure scenarios (concentration and time) while the black bars (right-axis) show the measured inhalation exposure scenarios (measured air concentration (ng/m3 converted to fmol/mL) and documented time-of-shift; see also Table 4). The black solid lines represent PBPK model simulation considering an exposure by the dermal route solely while the dark gray solid lines represent a simulated inhalation. The black dotted lines represent toxicokinetic model simulation considering a dermal exposure solely while the dark gray dotted lines represent a simulated exposure by inhalation. All inhalation concentrations measured in ng/m3 were expressed in nmol/m3 and converted to fmol/mL (multiplied by 103 so that all the scenarios could be graphically represented on the same figure for comparison).
Figure 5.
Model simulations of data from a silicon production factory.
Comparison of model simulations (lines) with observed data on the time courses of 3-OHBaP in the urine of workers exposed to PAHs in a silicon production industry (triangles - left-axis). The light gray bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP inhalation exposure scenarios (concentration and time), the white bars (right-axis) indicate the simulated BaP dermal exposure scenarios (concentration and time) while the black bars (right-axis) show the measured inhalation exposure scenarios on days 1 and 4, with values on days 2 and 3 considered similar to day 1 (measured air concentration (ng/m3 converted to fmol/mL) and documented time-of-shift; see also Table 5). The black solid lines represent PBPK model simulation considering an exposure by the dermal route solely while the dark gray solid lines represent a simulated inhalation. The black dotted lines represent toxicokinetic model simulation considering a dermal exposure solely while the dark gray dotted lines represent a simulated exposure by inhalation. All inhalation concentrations measured in ng/m3 were expressed in nmol/m3 and converted to fmol/mL (multiplied by 103 so that all the scenarios could be graphically represented on the same figure for comparison).
Table 3.
Simulated dermal and inhalation exposure scenarios compared with measured BaP inhalation exposure scenario (air concentrations and time-of-shifts) in subjects exposed to PAHs in an artificial shooting target factory (observed data from [37]).
Table 4.
Simulated dermal and inhalation exposure scenarios compared with measured BaP inhalation exposure scenario (air concentrations and time-of-shifts) in workers exposed to PAHs in a carbon disk brake production plant (observed data from [3]).
Table 5.
Simulated dermal and inhalation exposure scenarios compared with measured BaP inhalation exposure scenario (air concentrations and time-of-shifts) in workers exposed to PAHs during a metallurgical furnace repair in a silicon production plant.