Figure 1.
Blister-like leaf galls induced by Masakimyia pustulae on Euonymus japonicus.
A: thin type gall, B: thick type gall, C: schematic illustration showing the method of measuring gall-wall thickness.
Figure 2.
Distribution of thick and thin types of gall induced by Masakimyia pustulae on Euonymus japonicus Thunb. in Kyushu, Japan (modified from Sunose, 1985a).
Numerals indicate localities where galls were collected (see also Table 1).
Table 1.
Collecting sites of galls induced by Masakimyia pustulae in Kyushu, Japan.
Table 2.
Percentage parasitism by early and late parasitoids in galls induced by Masakimyia pustulae in 2009.
Table 3.
Percentage parasitism by early and late parasitoids in galls induced by Masakimyia pustulae in 2010.
Figure 3.
The thickness of galls containing unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae and those parasitized by Platygaster sp. in 2009.
1: Munakata, 2: Shikanoshima, 3: Itoshima, 4: Nishikata, 5: Satsumataki, 6: Meiwa, 7: Sanwa, 8: Tenjin, 9: Takasu. The number of galls examined was shown in each column. Asterisk indicates significant differences at *5% level or **1% level (two-way ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test in each tree with adjusted p values by Holm’s method).
Figure 4.
The thickness of galls containing unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae and those parasitized by Platygaster sp. in 2010.
The number of galls examined was shown in each column. Sample size is shown in parentheses. Abbreviations are as follows, T1: Tree 1, T2: Tree 2, and T3: Tree 3. Asterisk indicates significant differences at 1% level (nested ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test in each tree with adjustment of p values by Holm’s method; asterisk indicates significant difference).
Figure 5.
The thickness of upper and lower gall walls of unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae galls and those parasitized by Platygaster sp. in 2012.
The number of galls examined was shown in each column. Asterisk indicates significant differences, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA).
Table 4.
Results of nested ANOVA to detect the effects of the platygastrid, tree individual and locality on the thickness of gall induced by Masakimyia pustulae.
Table 5.
Percentage parasitism by late parasitoids in galls containing only unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae larvae (Unparasitized MP) and in those containing host larvae parasitized by Platygaster sp. (Parasitized by PL) in 2009.
Table 6.
Percentage parasitism by late parasitoids in galls containing only unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae larvae (Unparasitized MP) and in those containing host larvae parasitized by Platygaster sp. (Parasitized by PL) in 2010.
Figure 6.
The thickness of galls containing unparasitized Masakimyia pustulae larvae and those parasitized by the late parasitoids.
The number of galls examined was shown in each column. Abbreviations are as follows, T1 : Tree 1, T2: Tree 2, and T3: Tree 3. Different letters indicate significant differences at 5% level (nested ANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons of Student’s t-test in each tree with adjustment of p values by Holm’s method). The thickness of galls parasitized by Platygaster sp. and those hyperparasitized by the late parasitoids was shown at the bottom right.
Table 7.
Results of nested ANOVA to detect the effects of late parasitoids, tree individual and localities on the thickness of gall induced by Masakimyia pustulae.