Figure 1.
A lime-soil mixture barrier (LSMB) tomb of the Joseon Dynasty period, Korea.
The size of the whole block is 2.3(length) ×1.0 m (width) ×1.0 m (height) (A). A cut through the lime capsule revealing the inner coffins (B).
Figure 2.
The location where the mummy (Hadong I) was found: Hadong, a coastal county where the Seomjin River flows into the Korean South Sea (red circle).
Yellow dots indicate the modern major cities of Korea.
Figure 3.
Note that the coffin was encapsulated by lime and was of the double type, namely an external wooden coffin and internal lead coffin.
Figure 4.
A clothes-wrapped body found inside the coffin: Left-the wrapped body inside the coffin; Center-the body still with its clothes, note that the face is covered by a veil; Right-the mummified body, close-up of the face.
Table 1.
Anthropometric data.
Figure 5.
Full-body computed tomography image of the Hadong I mummy.
Figure 6.
The head of the Hadong I mummy.
(a) Overview of the head demonstrates prominent diffuse expansion of the lower portion of the face. (b) Section through the maxillary sinus. Note the hypertrophic zygomaxillary area (which results in the classic swollen-cheeked phenotype in living patients), thickened orbital floor (which results in upturned eyes in the living), cortical thinning, whorled pattern of the woven bone, and deformity of the maxillary sinus.
Figure 7.
Morphological characteristics of the pelvis of Hadong I mummy indicating a female sex (posterior view): note the wide-open sciatic notch and the angles of the inferior pubic rami.
Figure 8.
3-D volume rendering of the mummified head.
Frontal (a) and lateral (b) projections demonstrate diffuse symmetrical expansion of the mandible and maxilla. Note the broadened mandibular body and ascending ramus with shallow mandibular notch, the expanded coronoid process with blunt margins, absence of posterior teeth, displaced permanent teeth secondary to the jaw lesions, abnormal crown-shaped teeth, dental root resorption and malocclusion.
Figure 9.
CT slices through the level of the maxilla and mandible.
(a) Coronal images demonstrate symmetric, “bubbly” expansion of the maxilla (including orbital floor and maxillary buttresses) and mandible (with diffuse involvement of the body, ascending ramus and condyle). (b) Axial images demonstrate marked expansion of the mandibular body and ramus, disorganized spacing of the teeth (with missing molars), and thickening of the zygomaxillary area.
Figure 10.
Sagittal (a) and parasagittal (b) CT sections through the lower face.
The images demonstrate thickening of the maxillary walls and orbital roof, near-disappearance of cortical bone in the mandible, and resorption of dental roots.
Figure 11.
Radiographic image of the jaws demonstrates heterogeneous sclerosis of the bone, corresponding to the classic “ground-glass” appearance.
Note the radiolucent shadow at the mental area.
Figure 12.
Low magnification of the sectioned area demonstrates amorphous islands of white material occupying the spaces between the brownish material.
Figure 13.
Electron microscope images of the sectioned area shown in Fig. 12.
The brownish material seen in figure 12 represents bony trabeculae. Hydroxyapatite crystals are oriented parallel to the long axis of irregularly arranged collagen fibers (A and arrows in B). The whitish material seen in Fig. 12 is amorphous in nature and composed of both organic and inorganic material (C and D).
Figure 14.
H&E stained histological sections of the maxillary sinus wall.
(B) is a magnified image of (A). Intensely stained (trabecular bone) and weakly stained areas (amorphous material) are distinctly seen. Note the “C-shaped” trabeculae of the woven bone (orange circles) dispersed within the lightly stained stroma.
Figure 15.
Surface and chemical analysis of the maxillary sinus wall.
A. Surface and chemical analyses of bone section from the zygomaxillary area using ESEM. Backscattered electron image (left) - bright phases on the backscattered image composed, based on X-ray EDS spectra, of bony material (a = bone trabeculae), dull phases (b = cysts filled with partially calcified fibrous tissue), mainly of organic material. Noteworthy is the relatively high concentration of organic material within the bony trabeculae (right top) and the presence of calcite crystals coating some of the organic material (bottom right). “C” and “Y”-shaped trabeculae are clearly visible. B. SEM clearly showing that the “brownish” parts (a and b) are composed of bony trabeculae, whereas the “whitish” part (c and d) contains crystals admixed with organic material.
Figure 16.
Histological section (H&E staining) shows cysts filled with fibrous tissue and crystals (a) and surrounded by bony spiculae (b).
Figure 17.
“Y” shaped bony trabeculae.