Figure 1.
Distribution of Culex torrentium (white) and Culex pipiens (grey) in Germany (A) and the Hessian Rhine-Main area (B).
Small circles in Figure 1A (excluding the circles for FFM, BV, AS and GR) indicate that only one of the two species was detected at this specific locality. Pie charts indicate the ratio of the two detected species at this locality. The sizes of the pie chart and the circles do not relate to the number of investigated individuals (see Table 1). A: Overview of the sampling localities across Germany. Abbreviations: AS = Altenstadt, BV = Bad Vilbel, MF = Berlin-Marienfelde, BI = Bielefeld, BL = Bad Lippspringe, DB = Duisburg, DK = Dresden-Klotzsche, EW = Eberswalde, FFM = Frankfurt/Main (four different localities: Bornheim (FB), Bockenheim (KS), Sachsenhausen (FS) and Ostend (FZ)), FT = Fuldatal, GR = Gründau-Rothenbergen, HU = Husum, KL = Klein Linden, LE = Lebus, LL = Langenlehsten, MG = Mönchengladbach, MÜ = Müncheberg, RI = Rietschen, ST = Stralsund and WI = Wismar. B: Detailed view of the Rhine-Main area with Höchst a.d.N. (A1), Eichen (AS2), Heldenbergen (AS3), Klein Linden. Map was created with ArcMap 10.1.
Table 1.
Coordinates and abbreviations of the 25 analysed sampling localities.
Table 2.
AMOVA group structure of Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium.
Table 3.
Sampling localities in Germany with abbreviations and number of sequences and detected haplotypes at each locality.
Figure 2.
Haplotype networks of Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium for the cox1 gene segment calculated using statistical parsimony as implemented in TCS 1.21.
The squares stand for the most probable ancestral haplotypes, the circle for all other haplotypes. The Numbers are equal to the haplotypes of each species. Each line represents a single mutation while small white dots symbolize hypothetical missing haplotypes. The size of the circles and the square is proportional to the number of the occurring haplotypes. The number of individuals can be derived from the scale which is given in the figure. Different colors represent the different geographical sampling localities. The colored area is proportional to the occurrence at the respective site.
Figure 3.
Sampling localities of Culex pipiens across Germany with significant different population pairwise FST values.
Significant different pairwise FST values between populations are indicated using different line colors. Significant FST values were grouped into the four following categories: very great population differentiation (red lines), great population differentiation (yellow lines), moderate population differentiation (green lines) and low population differentiation (purple lines) [67]. Pictured are all sampling points listed in Table 4 with a summary of their haplotypes. Map was created with ArcMap 10.1.
Figure 4.
Sampling localities of Culex torrentium across Germany with significant different population pairwise FST values.
Significant FST values were grouped into the four following categories: very great population differentiation (red lines), great population differentiation (yellow lines), moderate population differentiation (green lines) and low population differentiation (purple lines) [67]. Pictured are all sampling points listed in Table 5 with a summary of their haplotypes. There were no significant moderate or low FST values. Map was created with ArcMap 10.1.
Table 4.
Population pairwise FST from Culex pipiens calculated with Arlequin 3.5.1.2.
Table 5.
Population pairwise FST from Culex torrentium calculated with Arlequin 3.5.1.2.
Table 6.
Results of the Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and level of genetic differentiation of Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium measured by FCT, FSC, and FST.