Figure 1.
Following nicotine uptake in the body, nicotine is metabolized to six primary metabolites (cotinine, hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, nornicotine, cotinine oxide, and nicotine oxide). Nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine are subsequently glucuronidated at significant rates.
Table 1.
Standard Concentrations and Reportable Ranges (sample volume 200 µL urine–1∶5 dilution factor).
Table 2.
HPLC Gradient Elution Table.
Figure 2.
(A) Standards Analysis (cotinine, 200 ng/mL); (B) Smoker Urine Sample (“free” cotinine, 14.1 ng/mL); (C) Smoker Urine Sample (“free” cotinine, 2767 ng/mL); (D) Smoker Urine Sample (“total” cotinine, 4195 ng/mL). Abbreviations: Cotinine-oxide (COX); Nicotine-oxide NOX); Hydroxycotine (HCT); Norcotinine (NCT); Cotinine (COT); Nornicotine (NNC); Anatabine (ANT); Anabasine (ANB); Nicotine (NIC). The fourth letter “T” in the abbreviations in Figure 2(D) represents the “total” concentrations for measured analytes.
Table 3.
Accuracy and Precision from the Repetitive Analysis of Five Fortified Urine Pools.
Table 4.
Limits of Detection (LOD) for “free” and ”total” analytes.
Table 5.
Comparison of standard curves generated by urine or enzyme standards to water standard curve.
Table 6.
Dilution influence on ion suppression. Abbreviations are according to Figure 2.
Table 7.
The molar percent each analyte contributed to the combined concentrations of nicotine and 6 nicotine metabolites in this study (n = 94).