Figure 1.
Cytotoxicity of geniposide, borneol, muscone and their combinations determined by MTT test.
(A) Geniposide has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–400 µg·mL−1. (B) Borneol has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–300 µg·mL−1. (C) Muscone has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–70 µg·mL−1. (D) GB group (geniposide:borneol, 0.9∶1, w/w) has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–200 µg·mL−1 calculated by borneol. (E) GM group (geniposide:muscone, 6∶1, w/w) has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–40 µg·mL−1 calculated by muscone. (F) GBM group (geniposide:borneol:muscone, 0.9∶1∶0.15, w/w/w) has no cell cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 0–150 µg·mL−1 calculated by borneol. Date are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5). * P<0.05 compared with the control group.
Table 1.
Various concentrations of geniposide permeability across the HNEC monolayer.
Figure 2.
Effects of borneol (Bo) and muscone (Mu) on geniposide (Ge) transport across the HNEC monolayer.
(A) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with borneol A to B transport. (B) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with borneol B to A transport. (C) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with muscone A to B transport. (D) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with muscone B to A transport. (E) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with borneol and muscone A to B transport. (F) Geniposide (50 µg·mL−1) combined with borneol and muscone B to A transport. Date are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Table 2.
Effects of borneol (Bo) and muscone (Mu) on geniposide (Ge) transport in the HNEC monolayer.
Figure 3.
Actin distribution in HNEC monolayer treated with borneol (Bo) and muscone (Mu).
(A) 50 µg·mL−1 geniposide (control). (B) (C) and (D) 50 µg·mL−1 geniposide combined with 27.8, 55.6 and 111.2 µg·mL−1 borneol, respectively. (E) (F) and (G) 50 µg·mL−1 geniposide combined with 4.17, 8.34 and 16.68 µg·mL−1 muscone, respectively. (H) (I) and (J) 50 µg·mL−1 geniposide combined with borneol and muscone (Bo 27.8 and Mu 4.17 µg·mL−1, Bo 55.6 and Mu 8.34 µg·mL−1, Bo 111.2 and Mu 16.68 µg·mL−1, respectively). Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 4.
TEER of HNEC monolayer before permeation, after permeation, and after 24 h.
Date are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). * P<0.05, TEER of after permeation compared with before permeation, ** P<0.05, TEER of after 24 h compared with after permeation.
Figure 5.
Fluorescence images of membrane phospholipids of HNECs by tomoscan.
(A) Before photobleaching, the fluorescence on membrane phospholipids of HNEC was green and well-distributed. (B) After photobleaching, the fluorescence disappeared. (C) Due to membrane fluidity, the fluorescence probe from other areas can move to the photobleaching position leading to the recovery of fluorescence.
Table 3.
Fluorescence recovery rate after treatment with borneol (Bo) and muscone (Mu).