Table 1.
Average time lag (in minutes) between consecutive fixes for 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Figure 1.
Spatial distribution of mallard GPS fixes (white dots, all individuals pooled) on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Fixes from flying birds (speed >4 m/s) are excluded.
Figure 2.
Example of typical mallard movements between frequently used sites on southeast Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
A (no. 1463): Orange ovals = coastal meadows; yellow ovals = maize fields; red ovals = flooded areas; blue ovals = coastal day-roosts (the upper is a sheltered bay, the lower is open water); green ovals = coastal reefs used as day-roosts; grey circle = duck trap location. B (no. 1426): Yellow oval (1) = maize field visited during dawn and dusk; red ovals (2) = various small (flooded) wetlands on alvar steppe (the upper one reaching into a maize field), visited at night; green oval (3) = coastal reef used as day-roost. C (no. 1440): Yellow oval (1) = two maize fields frequently visited, mostly during dawn and dusk; red oval (2) = flooded area (stream) visited most nights; light purple oval (3) = flooded pasture visited during two consecutive nights (probably for feeding); blue oval (4) = most frequented day-roost.
Figure 3.
Percentage of time spent by mallards in different habitats (all individuals, with standard deviation bars) on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Table 2.
Habitat use time-budgets (in %) from sunrise to sunset for 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Table 3.
Total habitat use time-budgets (in %), home-range size (100% MCP; in ha), and number of GPS fixes for 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Table 4.
Habitat use time-budgets (in %) from last light to first light for 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010.
Figure 4.
Home-range size (MCP in ha on a log scale) of mallards on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010, during different periods of the day; dawn = first light to sunrise (duration close to two hours), day = sunrise to sunset (7–9 hours), dusk = sunset to last light (duration close to two hours), and night = last light to first light (11–13 hours).
Figure 5.
Distance between consecutive locations for 16 mallards on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010, during different periods of the day; dawn = first light to sunrise (close to two hours duration), day = sunrise to sunset (7–9 hours), dusk = sunset to last light (close to two hours duration), and night = last light to first light (11–13 hours).
Table 5.
Selection ratios (wi) at the home-range level, averaged over 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010, with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) lower and upper limits.
Table 6.
Selection ratios (wi) at the home-range level, averaged over 16 mallards studied on southern Öland, Sweden, October – December 2010, with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) lower and upper limits.
Figure 6.
Manly et al.'s selection ratios (wij±95% CI) for each period of the day.
Habitat is considered as a six level factor, i.e. all wetland habitats have been pooled.
Table 7.
Previously published home-range sizes for mallards in comparison to the present study.