Table 1.
Summary of the sequencing, assembly, and ORF prediction statistics for the microbial communities cultivated from environmental resin and galls.
Figure 1.
Relative abundance of bacterial genera in the communities cultivated from environmental resin and galls.
Horizontal bars indicate the presence of a particular genus in environmental resin (red) or galls (blue).
Figure 2.
Resin degradation by Pseudomonas abietaniphila strain PS and the fungal strains isolated from environmental resin.
A) Bacterial and total dry weight of RM cultures of strain PS and evolution of the estimated amount of resin in the medium. B) Variation in resin content in RM cultures of different fungi isolated from resin, estimated from optical density of the medium (OD600), as described in Methods S1. C) Resin colloid removal by fungal isolates grown for 7 days compared to a non inoculated RM control (from left to right, control, F9, F8, and F1 cultures).
Figure 3.
SEM images of latex and rubber degradation performed by fungi.
Latex (A and D) and rubber (B, C, E, and F) were used as the sole carbon source in the selective media. A, B and C show non-inoculated control media, whereas 15-day-old cultures of isolates F9 and F1 are shown in subfigures D and E–F, respectively. A, C, D and F scale bars = 50 µm; B, E scale bars = 500 µm.
Figure 4.
SEM images of latex degradation performed by Pseudomonas abietaniphila strain PS.
Particles from (A) a non-inoculated latex-containing medium; and a 15-days (B) and a one-month culture (C and D) of strain PS in the same medium are shown. Arrows indicate the cell-shaped niches formed on the latex surface. A and B scale bars = 10 µm, C and D scale bars = 2 µm.
Figure 5.
Colony size of three fungal isolates during confrontation assays with strain PS.
A and B, F1; C and D, F8; and E and F, F9. The experiments were carried out on RM (A, C, and E) and LB (B, D, and F) medium. Colony size measured in mm. Pictures of particular experiments were taken after 3 and 5 days in the case of LB and RM media, respectively.
Figure 6.
Relative abundance of selected GO terms in the transcriptome of fungal isolate F1.
GO terms corresponding to molecular functions (A) and cellular processes (B) are shown for F1 confronted with PS (reference, purple bars), and for the subset of genes not detected in the transcriptome of F1 grown isolated (test, orange bars). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences for p-value<0.05 (**) and p-value<0.1 (*).