Figure 1.
Locations of sampled populations and geographical distribution of S. ningshanensis clades on the Tsinling Mountains.
Nsc is also the type locality of S. ningshanensis.
Table 1.
Sampling information and haplotypes based on cyt b and COI for 6 sampled populations of Scutiger ningshanensis.
Figure 2.
The model used to test the refugial hypotheses for S. ningshanensis using coalescent simulations.
A single-refugium hypothesis concerning the refugia during the Dali glaciation (the last maximum glaciation in China which occurred about 50 ka before present) was tested. The detail interpretation for this model is given in the text. Branch lengths are time in generations based on a 6-year generation time in S. ningshanensis. Branch widths (effective population size, Ne) are scaled for each group based on the proportion of the total Ne that each group comprised.
Table 2.
Genetic diversity of each population of S. ningshanensis.
Figure 3.
Bayesian tree for the 67 sampled haplotypes of S. ningshanensis based on the combined mtDNA cyt b and COI sequences.
The Bayesian posterior probabilities from Bayesian analyses are presented above or under the main branches. The scale bar represents substitutions per site.
Table 3.
Results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of S. ningshanensis.
Table 4.
FST values between populations.
Table 5.
Geographical distances among populations.
Figure 4.
Distribution of s-values from simulated genealogies constrained within the models of population divergence.
Single-refugium hypothesis.
Figure 5.
Mismatch distribution analysis for the total population and the clades.
Table 6.
Mismatch distribution analyses and neutrality test of S. ningshanensis.
Figure 6.
Allele frequency spectrum indicated an excess of singleton mutations in the combined mtDNA cyt b and COI sequences.
Numbers above the line represent the number of sites with singleton mutations.
Figure 7.
Demographic patterns of each clade and the total population as determined from the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP).
The X-axis is in units of million years in the past and the Y-axis is Ne*µ (effective population size × mutation rate per site per generation). The median estimates for the log10 of the population size are shown as thick solid lines, and the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits are shown by the shaded areas.