Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 12 male subjects (mean ± sd).
Figure 1.
Schematic overview of the test day.
Figure 2.
Schematic model of the compartmental model used for apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) kinetic analysis.
The assembly of lipoprotein is modeled by 9-compartment delay for apoB. The plasma apoB kinetic is modeled by a single hydrolysis step. Only a single VLDL lipoprotein fraction is considered, consisting of the VLDL1 and VLDL2 fractions in Adiels et al [29]. The free leucine plasma kinetics is modeled by two pools (3 and 4) and a plasma compartment (1), which interchange materials with an intracellular compartment (2). Compartment 2 feeds the apoB synthetic machinery.
Figure 3.
Average lipoprotein cholesterol profiles, including chylomicrons through LDL, a: after dietary MCFA (black line) and linoleic acid (grey line) supplementation and b: for lower body obese (black line) and upper body obese (grey line) supplementation.
* Significant difference in two-way ANOVA between dietary supplementations with p<0.05. P-value of significant changes (from left to right, subscript indicates lipoprotein diameter) in panel a: p64 = 0.0804; p54 = 0.0072; p45<0.0001; p37<0.0007; p31 = 0.0319; p29 = 0.0211; p26 = 0.0108; p23 = 0.0141; p21 = 0.0179; p19 = 0.0125; p17 = 0.0098. P-value of significant changes (from left to right, subscript indicates lipoprotein diameter) in panel b: p26 = 0.0412; p23 = 0.0112;p21 = 0.0115;p19 = 0.0103;p17 = 0.0115.
Table 2.
HPLC lipoprotein measurements after both treatments, analyzed by two-way ANOVA for treatment and waist-hip-ratio differences (mean ± sd).
Figure 4.
Ratios between average VLDL metabolism parameters after dietary MCFA supplementation versus linoleic acid supplementation; values < 1 indicate a higher value after linoleic acid supplementation.
Ratios are shown to allow comparing differences after dietary supplementation between parameters with different dimensions. * Indicates a significant difference in two-way ANOVA between MCFA and linoleic acid supplementation, with p<0.05. The first three parameters have dimensions volume/# particles, the uptake and lipolysis measure have the dimension 1/time, and the production measure has dimension # particles/(volume * time). Differences in VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol pool size can be found in table 2. The p-values of the significant measures are: uptake/production in VLDL (p = 0.030); VLDL performance (p = 0.040); VLDL lipolysis (p = 0,0213); VLDL uptake (p = 0.0135).
Figure 5.
Ratios between average IDL and LDL metabolism parameters after dietary MCFA supplementation versus linoleic acid supplementation.
LDL performance is the average of the two ratios shown to the sides. “fl/particle” is the unit of all three ratios. * Indicates a significant difference in two-way ANOVA between MCFA and linoleic acid supplementation, with p<0.05. p-values of the significant measures are: uptake/influx in IDL and LDL (p = 0.011); LDL performance (p = 0.010).
Figure 6.
Ratios between average hepatic hipase (HL) lipolysis activity and total lipolysis activity (which also includes LPL-related lipolysis) averaged over all particles from VLDL to LDL that are included in the model, after dietary MCFA supplementation versus linoleic acid supplementation.
* Indicates a significant difference in two-way ANOVA between MCFA and linoleic acid supplementation, with p<0.05 (p = 0.047).
Figure 7.
Ratios between average IDL and LDL metabolism parameters in lower body obese (LBO) versus upper body obese (UBO) subjects.
LDL performance is the average of the two ratios shown to the sides. “fl/particle” is the unit of all three ratios. * Indicates a significant difference in two-way ANOVA between LBO and UBO subjects, with p<0.05. p-values of the significant measures are: uptake/influx in IDL and LDL (p = 0.012); LDL performance (p = 0.009).
Figure 8.
Postprandial AUC240 values (average +/− standard deviation) of % dose of the added octanoic acid and linoleic acid tracers found in plasma, compared between MCFA and Linoleic Acid dietary supplementation.
Panel a: different fatty acids, p-values of the significant measures are: C10:0 (p = 0.0002); C18:0 (p = 0.0047); panel b: derived from octanoic acid, or in Linoleic Acid, or carbon recruited to elongate octanoic acid, asteriks indicates a non-significant trend.